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Ethical Issues Related to Social Media

DIscuss at least two potential ethical issues that could be of concern with nursing use of social media.

Reference to also use: Chapter 14 Personal Health Records

Chapter 14

Personal Health Records (PHRs)

Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

What Is a Personal Health Record?

Paper

Persistent data storage that is portable and shareable

Electronic

Persistent data storage that is portable and shareable plus additional functions that include access to electronic health records (EHRs), secure messaging, and scheduling

Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Paper still most common form of record.

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Trends Related to Personal Health Records

Rise of personal computing devices and the internet

Development of EHRs

Governmental policies (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act [HIPAA], Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health [HITECH])

Person’s desire for functions

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Mobile devices changing how PHRs will be delivered and what they can offer.

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Blue ButtonSM for Patient Access to Electronic Health Records

Developed in 2010 to allow patients to access their records with the click of a button

Records available in either human-readable or machine-readable format

Features clinical, demographic, financial/health benefits and invoices, and other information related to the health and medical care of patients

Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Mobile devices changing how PHRs will be delivered and what they can offer.

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Attributes of an Ideal Personal Health Record

Comprehensive, longitudinal data

Data ownership, control, and privacy

Portability

Data sharing

Access

Unique and desired services

Customization

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5

Benefits of an Ideal Personal Health Record

Improved care coordination and patient safety

Improved care by informal caregivers and self-management

Improved self-care

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Provide examples of reduced duplication between providers, improved adherence and satisfaction when informal caregiver is able to follow up electronically, and improved self-care through goal setting, planning, and reminders.

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Types of Personal Health Records

Stand-alone

Untethered

Tethered

Networked

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Systems are determined by what they are linked to; a stand-alone system is linked to nothing else,

a networked system is a linked to all sources of data for the given patient.

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Benefits of Current Personal Health Records

Experience of care

Quality of care

Utilization and costs

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Limitations of data are that experience is measured as satisfaction with care, quality is based on short-term outcomes, and cost is based on utilization.

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Barriers to Adoption

Awareness

Usability

Privacy concerns

The digital divide

Provider engagement

Interoperability

Law and policy

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Most people are not aware of PHRs; poor people and minorities less likely to adopt PHRs; about 2/3 of people say they are concerned about privacy of PHRs; both PHRs and EHRs suffer from usability problems.

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Awareness

2010 survey:

More than 50% of people are unaware of PHRs.

Up to 76% of people are unaware of telephone applications for tracking health information.

2008 survey of rural physicians:

More than 25% are unaware of PHRs.

Up to 59% are unaware whether patients had or used PHRs.

Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Usability

Users are disappointed in the:

Amount of data available

Type of data available

Need to enter all the data themselves

Limited options for sharing data with clinicians

Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Privacy Concerns

Although studies show that PHRs can securely exchange health information, users are still concerned with security.

Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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The Digital Divide

Individuals of lower socioeconomic status, ethnic minorities, and older individuals are less likely to adopt a PHR.

Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Interoperability

PHR data and functions are constrained by the systems to which the PHR is linked.

Several data representation exchange standards have been developed and proposed to mitigate this concern.

Continuity of care record (CCR)

Clinical document architecture (CDA)

Continuity of care document (CCD)

Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Law and Policy

State laws sometimes interfere with PHRs:

In California, certain results may not be electronically released for any reason.

Current laws prohibit healthcare providers from delivering care across state lines.

Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Barriers to Ideal Personal Health Records

Technical

Policy

Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Current records are not interoperable.

In some states current laws prevent full sharing of EHR data and prevent practice of medicine across state lines, limiting the use of PHRs for e-Visits.

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Future of Personal Health Records

Generalizability of current evidence

Improvements:

Expand the scope of data in the PHR.

Expand the functionality of the PHR.

Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Current evidence limited to early adopters and integrated healthcare systems.

Data could be comprehensive and integrated with national health information exchange.

PHR functions could be personalized and motivational to facilitate health behaviors.

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case study #1 (Iron Deficiency Anemia)

 The answers must be in your own words with reference to the journal or book where you found the evidence to your answer. 

Turn it in Score must be less than 25 % or will not be accepted for credit, must be your own work and in your own words. Copy-paste from websites or textbooks will not be accepted or tolerated. 

All answers to case studies must-have reference cited in the text for each answer and a minimum of 2 Scholarly References (Journals, books) (No websites)  per case Study.

Case Study #1: Iron Deficiency Anemia

Patient Information:

• Name: John Doe

• Age: 35

• Gender: Male

• Occupation: Construction Worker

• Medical History: No significant medical history reported.

Presenting Complaint: John Doe presents to the clinic with complaints of fatigue, weakness,

and shortness of breath on exertion for the past few months. He reports feeling unusually tired,

even after a full night's sleep, and has noticed increased paleness of his skin and conjunctiva.

Physical Examination Findings:

• Vital Signs: BP 120/80 mmHg, HR 80 bpm, RR 16 breaths/min, Temp 98.6°F

• General: Pale skin and conjunctiva, fatigue apparent

• Cardiovascular: Regular rhythm, no murmurs or abnormal sounds

• Respiratory: Clear lung fields bilaterally

• Abdomen: Soft, non-tender, no organomegaly

• Neurological: Intact cranial nerves, normal motor and sensory functions

Laboratory Investigations:

• Hemoglobin (Hb): 9.5 g/dL (Normal range: 13.5-17.5 g/dL)

• Hematocrit (Hct): 29% (Normal range: 40-50%)

• Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): 75 fL (Normal range: 80-100 fL)

• Serum Iron: 25 mcg/dL (Normal range: 60-170 mcg/dL)

• Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC): 400 mcg/dL (Normal range: 250-450 mcg/dL)

• Ferritin: 10 ng/mL (Normal range: 30-400 ng/mL)

Diagnosis: John Doe is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia based on his clinical presentation,

physical examination findings, and laboratory results.

Questions for Students:

1. What are the common signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

2. Explain the laboratory findings in John Doe's case and how they support the diagnosis of

iron deficiency anemia.

3. What are the potential causes of iron deficiency anemia in adults, and how would you

approach further investigations in this patient?

4. Discuss the treatment options for iron deficiency anemia,

    BIOLOGICAL BASIS AND ETHICAL/LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY

     

    BIOLOGICAL BASIS AND ETHICAL/LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY

    Many studies have found that psychotherapy is as effective as psychopharmacology in terms of influencing changes in behaviors, symptoms of anxiety, and changes in mental state. Changes influenced by psychopharmacology can be explained by the biological basis of treatments. But how does psychotherapy achieve these changes? Does psychotherapy share common neuronal pathways with psychopharmacology?

    Psychotherapy is used with individuals as well as in groups or families. The idea of discussing confidential information with a patient in front of an audience is probably quite foreign to you. However, in group and family therapy, this is precisely what the psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner does. In your role, learning how to provide this type of therapy within the limits of confidentiality is essential.

    For this Discussion, you will consider whether psychotherapy also has a biological basis and analyze the ways in which legal and ethical considerations differ in the individual, family, and group therapy settings.

    RESOURCES

    Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
    Click the weekly resources link to access the resources. 

    WEEKLY RESOURCES

    To prepare:

    • Review this week’s Learning Resources, reflecting on foundational concepts of psychotherapy, biological and social impacts on psychotherapy, and legal and ethical issues across the modalities (individual, family, and group).

    BY DAY 3

    Post an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis. Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective on the value of psychotherapy treatments. Describe how legal and ethical considerations for group and family therapy differ from those for individual therapy, and explain how these differences might impact your therapeutic approaches for clients in group, individual, and family therapy. Support your rationale with at least three peer-reviewed, evidence-based sources and explain why each of your supporting sources is considered scholarly. Attach the PDFs of your sources. 

    Upload a copy of your discussion writing to the draft Turnitin for plagiarism check.  Your faculty holds the academic freedom to not accept your work and grade at a zero if your work is not uploaded as a draft submission to Turnitin as instructed.

      Interview

       

      1. How long have you been a Nurse Executive and what major changes have you seen in the
      Nurse Executive role over the past 3-5 years?
      2. What are the major challenges that you face in your role today as a Nurse Executive?
      3. In your opinion, what are the key competencies that Nursing Leaders at your level need
      today and what should the educational preparation be?
      4. What does it take to be an employer for nurses in today’s healthcare environment?
      5. Have you considered applying for Magnet Recognition? What are the pros and cons of this, in
      your viewpoint? (If already Magnet, write N/A)
      6. If facility is Magnet status, what are the pros & cons about maintaining the recognition?
      7. What changes, if any, will the nursing profession need to make to adapt to the nursing
      shortage?
      8. What should nurses do to mentor younger nurses into leadership positions?
      9. What strengths do you bring to the Executive Leadership Team of your Healthcare Agency?
      10. What key committees/boards/groups, etc. does a nurse executive in your organization need
      to participate on in order to have a major impact on decision-making.
      11. What issues/challenges keep you awake at night in your role?
      12. If you were asked to give advice to a Nurse just beginning her career in Nursing Leadership
      based on your own experiences, what would that advice be?

      create a SOAP note for a female 63 years old female with urinary incontinence

      Patient is a female 63 years old , 3G2P1A  who presented complaining of urinary frequency, urgency incontinence, no hematuria no stress incontinence. She indicates requires multiple pads during the day, she also indicates it started after lumbar spine surgey associated with bilateral leg weakness. Indicate treatment plan and add 3 differential diagnosis using scholarly references no oldr than 5 years

        the state or federal level

        Research legislation that has occurred within the last 5 years at the state or federal level as a result of nurse advocacy. Describe the legislation and what was accomplished. What additional steps need to be taken to continue advocacy for this issue?

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