N 510 Module 6: Alterations in the Gastrointestinal System and the Obesity Epidemic Assignment

N 510 Module 6: Alterations in the Gastrointestinal System and the Obesity Epidemic Assignment

N 510 Module 6: Alterations in the Gastrointestinal System and the Obesity Epidemic Assignment
Alterations in the Gastrointestinal System and the Obesity Epidemic Assignment:
Exercises:

Explain the pathogenesis of celiac’s disease.
Analyze the pathophysiology Crohn’s disease and relate genetic issues.
Differentiate between hepatitis A, B, C, and viral hepatitis.
Elaborate on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer.

Case Study

Complete Case Study #26 (nausea and vomiting) in the Bruyere textbook.

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Write an word essay on the following topic:

Obesity

The essay should contain at least two scholarly sources in addition to the textbook. It should cover the following points:

Explain the pathophysiology of the disease.
Discuss common clinical manifestations.
List differential diagnoses.
Determine which lab tests would confirm the diagnosis and expected results.
Analyze a current protocol for treatment and discuss how the treatment works from the pathophysiological perspective.

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Alterations in the Gastrointestinal System and the Obesity Epidemic Assignment
Pathogenesis of celiac’s disease
Lammers, Vasagar, and Fasano (2014) opine that celiac disease is a disease that results from the cases of ingestion of gluten with the presentation of the condition being seen in diarrhea and the ineffective thrive of the patient life. The process of diagnosing the condition is seen in the issues of abnormalities and the biopsy of the small intestines. The health issue is hereditary and the prevalence in the relatives of the first degree is seen to be approximately 10 percent.
There is as well an increasing case of the relation between the celiac disease and the human leucocyte antigen. The health issue mainly affects the digestive tract of the patient and hence causing an increase in the challenges to swallow. Celiac disease increases the chances of the patient indicating a condition such as fatigue and loss of weight. As such, this will increase the chances of the patient having to follow up on the varying standard of care for the improvement of the signs and the symptoms of the health condition.
Pathophysiology Crohn’s disease and related genetic issues
Crohn’s disease is a type of an inflammatory bowel disease that its cause has not been identified fully. The condition results in the increase in the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The common signs of the condition include the issue of fatigue, nausea, and increasing cases of loss of appetite. The patient will as well result in issues of nausea and loss of weight. A patient who will have the condition will have issues of blockage of the health condition and the rise in the anal fissures of ulcers.
The Crohn’s disease as argued by Gevers et al. (2014) can occur among people of all ages but is more common in the cases of the young population. The cause of the condition is suspected to be the cases of genetic variation and the change in the immune system. The presence of bacteria in the intestines as well increased the chances of the patient suffering from the health condition. The genes that are related to the condition are NOD2, ATG16L1, IL23R, and IRGM.
Difference between hepatitis A, B, C, and viral hepatitis
In relation to the spread of the health issues, the spread of hepatitis A is through the ingestion of food that is contaminated and water. In the case for hepatitis B, the condition is spread through the parental contact with contaminated fluids of the body. This is as well for the case of hepatitis C that involves the spread by the contaminated fluid being in contact with the parent.
The case of viral hepatitis, one will end up being infected through parental contact with contaminated fluids of the body. Hepatitis A is acute, hepatitis B is acute or could be chronic, and the case of hepatitis C is chronic. The complications that are associated with the health condition are live diseases for the case of hepatitis A, fulminant hepatitis or acute failure of the liver for the case of hepatitis D and C and for viral hepatitis.
Elaboration on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer
The cases of pancreatic cancer results in vague signs during the early stages of development. The cases pancreatic cancer does not have a specific strategy used for the management of the health condition. To help in the management of the standard of care, the patient will have a clear description of the possible causes of the condition. The challenge is that the condition results from some behaviors that are associated with a certain living condition. The common symptoms of the condition are the loss of weight, back pain, the urine has a dark color, and jaundice.
Alterations in the Gastrointestinal System and the Obesity Epidemic Assignmen
Case Study #26 (nausea and vomiting)

On the basis of the information that has been provided in the case study, the patient has been suffering from three cases of vomiting in the past 24 hours. In regard to the severity level, it can be deduced that the patient has grade II of vomiting
The action of Amlodipine is based on the process of channeling of the blockers across the influx across the cell membrane of cardiac and in the smooth vascular resistance with increasing cases of blood flow. The medication helps in reducing vascular resistance and increase the flow of blood. In addition, it helps in the reduction of peripheral vascular resistance as well an increasing the process of delivery of oxygen in the myocardial tissue. Moreover, this will help in the enhancement of the cardiac output (Xue-Qing et al., 2014). Along these lines, it can be deduced that the medication helps in the reduction of the vascular resistance as well as the vasodilation and hence helping in the reduction of cases of hypertension among patients.
The mechanism of glyburide as argued by Lin et al. (2018) is regarded as the process of lowering the concentration of blood sugar in individuals who are suffering or not suffering from diabetes. This is attained by the sensitization of pancreatic beta cells for the release of insulin. Along these lines, the medication is used by patients suffering from diabetes mellitus type II. As such, the drug is useful for the stimulation of the pancreas to help in the release of insulin.
The two major contributing factors for the increasing case of vomiting and nausea in the patient is as a result of anesthesia or medication. In relation to the case of anesthesia, the surgical procedure that the patient underwent necessitated for the use of anesthesia and the risks of making use of anesthesia includes nausea and vomiting.

In relation to the case of medication, it is seen from the case study that after the medication, the patient has received medication such as morphine sulfate for the pain and methyldopa for the treatment of hypertension. The medications aforementioned have vomiting and nausea as the side effects.

The clinical manifestation that is seen in the patient in this case includes;

an alteration of the level of consciousness
the patient has a dry mucous membrane
the skin is dry
the skin is cold
the patient has tachypnea
The pulses are weak
The eyes are sunken
There is an increase in Bun
Creatinine has increased
The turgor has reduced
the patient has a tachycardia
the patient has the extremities being cold and gray

Yes, there has been a development of hypokalemia as it can be seen with the case where the patient has a K of 3.2.
The case of acute pancreatitis is a condition that results from an inflammation of the pancreases that is sudden and results in signs such as pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, and the cases of vomiting as indicated by Vege et al. (2018). The pain that is experienced by the patient as a result of acute pancreatitis does not last for a time of more than a week. It is therefore not possible for one to rule out the cases of acute pancreatitis.
The patient does not show any signs of suffering from cecal perforation due to the fact that the patient has not shown any cases of fever and does not indicate to have any leukocytosis.
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is a severe distension of the colon and increases the chances of mechanisms obstruction. The study by Saunders (2016) indicates that acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is an unopposed parasympathetic activity and the neurotransmitters meditating for the control of the nervous system.
The cases of metabolic alkalosis are not seen in the case of this medication and this has increased the challenge of management of the standard of patient care. This is attributed to the fact that one will end up having an imbalance in the process of retaining carbon dioxide. In this regard, the strength of the patient is not affected.

Alterations in the Gastrointestinal System and the Obesity Epidemic Assignment: Professional Development
Obesity
Pathophysiology of the disease
Heymsfield and Wadden (2017) opine that the cases of obesity are attributed to the case where a one suffers from having an excessive weight. As such, an individual is said to have obesity if they have a high body mass index. The health condition results in the rise in the risk of an individual suffering from other health challenges including the cases where one suffers from diabetes or high blood pressure. 
DeMarco, Aroor, and Sowers (2014) opine that when one is obese, there is a high chance that one will end up suffering from health problems. The cases of obesity among patients could result from the lack of exercises and an increase in inactivity and the use of junk food. The cases of obesity should be handled with ease in the presence of an effective standard of patient care.
Common clinical manifestations
The common manifestation that is seen for a patient who is suffering from obesity includes the fact that one will have a high body mass index. A patient who has obesity will as well show signs such as depression, diabetes, the patient will have a high amount of cholesterol, the blood pressure is high and the patient will be suffering from uterine cancer. This is some of the signs of the health condition. The patient with obesity will as well indicate that they have pain in the joints, they will have low back pain and knee pain. Along these lines, the increasing chances of getting health challenges resulting from the fact that one will have obesity.
Differential diagnoses
One of the differential diagnosis that has been associated with obesity is hypothyroidism primary that results in the signs such as depression, fatigue, dryness in the skin, the increase in the chances of constipation, and the patient will have an increase in the cases of muscle cramps. The patients suffering from this condition will as well have an elevated level of TSH and hence being distinguished from the cases of obesity. 
The other differential diagnosis is Cushing syndrome that is indicted with the increasing cases of hirsutism, the cases of hypertension, moon facies, and lipodystrophy. Nonetheless, this is distinguished from the others by the urinary free cortisol level. Nonetheless, the signs that are seen in the patient with this condition are all not in line with that of a patient that could have obesity.
Lab tests would confirm the diagnosis and expected results
The lab test that will be useful for the determination of the patient information will be the use of a blood test. This will be useful for the assessment of the operation of the signs and symptoms of the health condition. This is included in the fact that one will be able to get an assessment of the operation of the body organs. As such, the process will help in the presentation of the test and the operation of the organs including the liver. The ineffective operation of the body organs such as the liver and the heart.
The current protocol for treatment and discuss how the treatment works from the pathophysiological perspective
One of the protocols used in the management of the standard of patient care will be attained by the use of dietary changes. Along these lines, the patient will be trained to be in a position to reduce the number of calories that are being taken. The changes in the eating habits of the patients are helpful in ensuring that one will be in a position to reduce the amount of food that increase the risk of getting obesity. The patient can as well be able to take part in the program that will help in a comprehensive reduction of weight.

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