N 510 Module 1: Discussion Question -What is the relationship of environment and cancers?
N 510 Module 1: Discussion Question
N 510 Module 1: Discussion Question – What is the relationship of environment and cancers?
What is the relationship of environment and cancers? Describe the effect of tobacco, alcohol, radiation exposure, and diet and obesity to carcinogenesis.
Your initial posting should be 200 to 300 words in length and utilize at least one scholarly source other than the textbook. Please reply to at least two classmates. Replies to classmates should be between 100 and 200 words in length. To properly “thread” your discussion posting, please click on REPLY.
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Start by reading and following these instructions on N 510 Module 1: Discussion Question :
You are responsible for minimally at least 3 posts for each question in your discussion boards; your initial post and reply to two of your classmates. Your initial post(s) should be your response to the questions posed in the Discussion Question. You should research your answer and cite at least one scholarly source when appropriate, and always use quality writing. The discussion board is never a place to use text language or emoticons. You will also be asked to respond to your classmates. This is designed to enhance the academic discussion around the topic. It is all right to disagree with something posted by another, however your responses should always be thoughtful and respectful and reflect your opinions professionally.
N 510 Module 1: Discussion Question
As a second leading cause of death in the United States, cancer is at the center of genetic research in an effort to explicate its causes and develop cures. Carcinogenesis can be the outcome of genetic anomalies or mutations combined with environment/lifestyle exposures. Genetic mutations in specific cells, reduce protection to those cells creating vulnerability and imbalance to homeostasis. Harmful environmental influences are then permitted access to cell areas that were previously “guarded”, instigating the transformation of normal cells to abnormal, increasing cell division , resulting in malignant masses.
Gene-environment interaction results in higher risk for a person in developing a particular disease or cancer, than each factor by itself. Genetic mutations can predispose a person to develop certain diseases and environmental exposures trigger, as well as promote progression of those diseases, including cancer. A person with a genetic autosomal recessive disorder a1-antitrypsin disorder is already predisposed to lung disease as a result of this disorder. A1-antitrypsin impedes infection in the lung tissue, reduction of this inhibitor increases the risk of disease in the lungs. Environmental exposure to cigarette smoke irritates lung tissue altering the production and secretions of protease factors in the lung tissue. This alteration in combination with reduced protection of the lung tissue from the genetic disorder triggers earlier onset and progression of lung disease.
As early as 1998 the link between the combination of genetic and environmental factors related to cancer was recognized. A study performed in Japan revealed a dramatic increase in the risk of esophageal cancer in male Japanese alcoholics. These alcoholics had a genetic mutation of the gene that reduces a particular harmful biproduct produced in the metabolism of alcohol. This biproduct of alcohol metabolism produces cell changes in the esophagus causing cancer. A more recent study in 2016 confirmed the association and also linked alcoholism and this genotype to an increased risk for bladder cancer. This result is correlated with the biproduct of alcohol metabolism (now increased due to the gene mutation) transported in the urine contacting bladder tissue altering their cell replication causing bladder cancer.
There are different forms and levels of radiation that a person can be exposed to in the environment. There is non-ionizing (from the sun and radon in the soil and rocks for example) and ionizing (from nuclear plants and the atomic bomb for examples). The greater immediate danger is from the ionizing radiation were disease develops rapidly. There is also radiation exposure during diagnostic tests like x-rays and CT scans. Here the risks need to be weighed with the benefits of these diagnostics. Persons with a genetic predisposition are at greater risk for developing myeloma with repeated prolonged sun exposures than a person without that genetic predisposition.
There is a genetic link to obesity. Obesity in the United States has reached crisis level. This is associated with the genetic disposition and environment in relation to a person’s diet, behaviors and lifestyle choices. Predisposed persons will need to be vigilant regarding diet and exercise choices to avoid obesity. The American Cancer Society reports that every 3 cancer cases are linked to obesity. The NIH (National Cancer Institute) predicts that if the obesity trend continues to increase there will be an additional 500,000 cases of cancer by 2030. Absence of a tumor suppressing gene is connected with prostate cancer. The National Cancer Institute recently supported population studies that found a molecular link between a high fat diet and the progression of prostate cancer malignancies.
There was a statement I heard several times in past years from various people that “we all have cancer cells in us, we are born with them and it is not predictable what will activate them to cause cancer.” The assigned reading and research I did to participate in this discussion prompted further thought about that as to how people in general can arrive at an explanation they can accept for a very complex concept. Today we do have some accurate prediction abilities for cancer and environmental factors that may be avoided to reduce a person’s risk.
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