Chapter 3 Storage

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Learning Objectives

• Name several general characteristics of storage systems. • Describe the three most common types of hard drives

and what they are used for today. • Discuss the various types of optical discs available today

and how they differ from each other. • Identify some flash memory storage devices and media

and explain how they are used today. • List at least three other types of storage systems. • Summarize the storage alternatives for a typical personal

computer.

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Overview

• This chapter covers: – The characteristics common among all storage systems – The primary storage for most personal computers—the

hard drive – How optical discs work and the various types that are

available today – Flash memory storage systems – Network and cloud storage, smart cards, and the storage

systems used with large computer systems – Storage alternatives for a typical personal computer

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Storage System Characteristics

• A storage system consists of a storage medium and a storage device – The storage medium is the hardware where data is stored

• DVD disc, flash memory card, etc. – The storage device is the hardware into which the storage

medium is inserted • DVD drive, flash memory card reader, etc. • Can be internal, external, or remote • Storage devices are typically identified by letter

– Some storage media is removable; some is not

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Examples of Storage Device Identifiers

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Volatility and Random vs. Sequential Access

• Volatility – Storage media are nonvolatile and, therefore, is used for

data to be saved for later use • Random vs. sequential access

– Random access (direct access) allows data to be retrieved from any location on the storage medium

• Virtually all storage devices use random access – Sequential access means that retrieval of data can occur

only in the order in which it was physically stored on the storage medium; for example, a magnetic tape drive

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Files, Filenames, and Folders

• A file is anything stored on a storage medium, such as a program, document, digital image, or song

• A filename is a name given to a file by the user • A folder is a named place on a storage medium

into which files can be stored

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Logical vs. Physical Representation and Types of Storage Technologies Used

• Logical file representation – Individuals view a document stored as one complete unit

in a particular folder on a particular drive • Physical file representation

– Computers access a particular document stored on a storage medium using its physical location or locations

• Types of storage technology – Magnetic (conventional hard drives) – Optical (optical discs) – Electrons (flash memory media)

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Hard Drives

• A hard drive stores most programs and data for a personal computer – Can be internal or external – Available with built-in encryption that limits access to only

authorized users

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Magnetic Hard Drives

• A magnetic hard drive or hard disk drive (HDD) contains particles on the metal disks inside the drive that are magnetized to represent the data’s 0s and 1s

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Magnetic Hard Drives (cont’d)

• One or more metal hard disks are permanently sealed inside the drive along with an access mechanism and read/write heads

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Hard Disk Organization

• Tracks are concentric paths on the disk where data is recorded

• Sectors are small pieces of a track • Clusters consist of one or more sectors

• Smallest addressable area of a disk • Cylinders are a collection of tracks located in the same

location on a set of hard disk surfaces

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Examples of Tracks, Sectors, Clusters, and Cylinders

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Magnetic Hard Drive Technologies

• Traditional: Longitudinal magnetic recording aligns magnetic particles on a hard disk horizontally, parallel to the hard disk’s surface

• Newer: Perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) places bits upright and closer together to increase capacity and reliability

• Newest: Shingled magnetic recording (SMR) squeezes more data onto disks by overlapping the data tracks on them like the shingles on a roof

• Emerging: Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) uses lasers to temporarily heat the surface of the hard disks when storing data in order to store more data

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How It Works

More Storage for Your Tablet • Tablets often have between

16 GB and 128 GB of storage • To extend storage, you can

transfer content to and from desktops or notebooks

• Easier to use a wireless hard drive and Wi-Fi – Download the

appropriate app The 2 TB Seagate Wireless Plus magnetic hard drive.

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Inside the Industry

Data Recovery Experts • Recover data from damaged storage devices • Used when devices are physically damaged or just stop

working • It is important to back up data to prevent data loss

Data recovery. The data on this destroyed computer (left) was recovered by data recovery experts in a clean room (right).

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Solid-State Drives (SSDs)

• A solid-state drive (SSD) uses flash memory technology to store data – Uses less power and has no

moving parts – Much faster than magnetic

hard drives, but more expensive

– The norm for netbooks, mobile devices, and other portable devices

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Solid-State Hybrid Drives (SSHDs)

• A solid-state hybrid drive (SSHD) or hybrid drive uses a combination of magnetic disks and flash memory chips – The data that is most

directly associated with performance is stored in the flash memory

– Nearly as fast as solid-state drives (SSDs)

– Slightly more expensive than magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs)

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Internal and External Hard Drives

• Internal hard drives are permanent storage devices located inside the system unit – Removed only if a problem develops

• External hard drives transport large amounts of data from one computer to another, for backup, and for additional storage – Full-sized external hard drives are often used for backup – Portable external hard drives: smaller and easier to

transport – Most connect with a USB connection, although some may

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Examples of External Hard Drives

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Hard Drive Speed and Disk Caching

• Disk access time is the total time that it takes for a hard drive to read or write data • Consists of seek time, rotational delay, and data

movement time • SSDs don’t require seek time or rotational delays

• Disk cache consists of memory used in conjunction with a magnetic hard drive to improve system performance – Typically consists of RAM-based disk cache located inside

the hard drive case – Can speed up performance and save battery life

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Hard Drive Partitioning

• Partitioning divides the physical capacity of a single drive logically into separate areas, called partitions – Each partition functions as an independent hard drive – Referred to as logical drives – Increases efficiency (smaller drives use smaller clusters)

• Partitions are used to create: – A recovery partition – A new logical drive

for data – A dual boot system

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Hard Drive File Systems and Interface Standards

• File system determines the partition size, cluster size, maximum drive size, and maximum file size – FAT, FAT32, and NTFS

• Interface standards determine how a drive connects to the computer

• Common standards – Serial ATA (SATA): most common internal hard drive

interface standard – Serial attached SCSI (SAS) – Fibre Channel – Internet SCSI (iSCSI)

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Quick Quiz (1)

1. Of the following three options, the storage media that would likely hold the most data is a(n) __________. a. HDD b. USB flash drive c. SSD

2. True or False: SSDs are subject to mechanical failures just like magnetic hard drives.

3. The circular rings on a magnetic disk on which data is stored are called __________.

Answers: 1) a; 2) False; 3) tracks Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 24

Optical Discs

• Optical discs are thin circular plastic discs – Are read from and written to using laser beams – Are commonly used for software delivery – Divided into sectors like magnetic discs but use a single

spiral track (groove) – Have a relatively large capacity and are durable – Used for backup purposes and for storing and transporting

music, photos, video, etc.

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Representing Data on an Optical Disc

• Pits and lands are used to represent 1s and 0s • The transition between a pit and a land represents a 1;

no transition represents a 0 • Read-only optical disc

– Surface of disc is molded or stamped to represent data • Recordable or rewritable disc

– The reflectivity of the disc is changed using a laser beam to represent the data

– Different types of optical discs use different types of laser beams

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How Recorded Optical Discs Work

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Optical Drives

• Optical discs are read by optical drives – The optical drive must support the type

of optical disc being used – Almost always backward-compatible – Recording data onto a optical disc is

called burning; requires burning software – Optical drives can be internal or external

• External drives typically connect via USB port

• External drives can be used with netbooks and other devices without an optical drive

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Optical Disc Shapes, Sizes, and Capacities

• Standard size is 120-mm (about 4.7 inches) – Mini discs are smaller (about 3 inches)

• Theoretically can be made into various shapes, but patent battle has resulted in custom shapes not being available

• Clear background is sometimes used to make a disc look custom shaped

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Advantage of Optical Discs

• Major advantage: Large capacity – CD discs are normally single layer and hold 700 MB – DVD discs hold 4.7 GB (single-layer) or 8.5 GB (dual-layer) – BD discs hold 25 GB (single-layer) or 50 GB (dual-layer) – BDXL standard uses even more layers to boost capacity up

to 128 GB – Newest BD discs are Ultra HD Blu-ray discs that hold up to

100 GB and are designed to deliver Ultra HD (4K) movies – Discs can also be double-sided

• Read on one side at a time; must be turned over to access the second side

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Summary of Optical Discs

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Read-Only Optical Discs: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM Discs

• CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM discs can be written to, but not erased and reused – Pits are permanent – CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs come prerecorded with

software, music, movies, etc. – BD-ROM discs come prerecorded with movies

• Ultra HD Blu-ray discs can be used for 4K movies – Additional proprietary read-only discs

• Gaming systems like Wii, Xbox, PlayStation, etc.

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Recordable Optical Discs: CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, and BD-R Discs

• CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, and BD-R discs can be written to, but cannot be erased and reused – Pits are created in the disc when the disc is recorded – Most discs have a recording layer containing organic light-

sensitive dye between disc’s plastic and reflective layers • BD-R discs use inorganic material instead

– DVD-R DL and DVD+R DL are dual-layer discs – BD-R DL discs are dual-layer discs; BD-R XL use 3 or 4 layers – Used for backing up files, sending large files to others, and

storing multimedia files

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Rewritable Optical Discs: CD-RW, DVD- RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE Discs

• CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE discs can be written to, erased, and overwritten just like magnetic hard disks – Uses phase change technology

• Heating and cooling process is used to change the reflectivity of the disc

– The capacities are the same as their read-only and recordable counterparts

– Appropriate for transferring large files from one computer to another or otherwise temporarily storing data (disc can be reused)

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Trend

Ultra HD (4K) • Is the next big step in high-definition

(HD) TVs and content • Four times the resolution of ordinary HD • Requires four times as much data as

regular HD video • Many Internet connections are not fast

enough to support the large amounts of data required for 4K quality

• Available for those individuals who have the speed and bandwidth to support it; also available on Ultra HD discs

An example of a 4K movie.

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Quick Quiz (2)

1. The capacity of the standard DVD disc is _____. a. 50 GB b. 650 MB c. 4.7 GB

2. True or False: A DVD-RW disc can be written to and rewritten to.

3. The tiny depressions, dark areas, or otherwise altered spots on an optical disc that are used to represent data are called __________.

Answers: 1) c; 2) True; 3) pits

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 36

Flash Memory Storage Systems

• Flash memory is a chip-based storage medium that represents data using electrons – Used in a variety of storage systems

• Embedded flash memory refers to flash memory chips embedded into products – Smartphones, tablets, smart watches, and even sunglasses

and wristwatches – Usually the primary storage for mobile devices such as

tablets and smartphones

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Examples of Embedded Flash Memory

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This tablet contains 64 GB of embedded flash memory.

An embedded flash memory chip.

Flash Memory Cards and Readers

• A flash memory card is a small card containing one or more flash memory chips, a controller chip, and metal contacts to connect the card to the device or reader being used – Available in a variety of formats; these formats are not

interchangeable – Secure Digital (SD) is one of the most widely used types of flash

memory media – Most common type of storage media for digital cameras,

smartphones, and other portable devices • Many devices today have a built-in flash memory card reader;

an external reader via USB port is also used • Adapters allow the use of smaller flash memory cards in a

larger slot of the same type (microSD to SD, etc.)

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Examples of Flash Memory Cards, Readers, and Adapters

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Flash Memory Cards

• General-purpose flash memory card – Appropriate for most

applications • Specialized flash memory cards

– Professional flash memory cards

– Gaming flash memory cards – Encrypted flash memory cards

• Project Vault is a computer on a flash memory card

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USB Flash Drives

• USB flash drives (USB drives or flash drives) consist of flash memory media integrated into a self-contained unit that plugs into and is powered by a USB port – Designed to be very small and very portable – Available in a host of formats

• Low-profile drives, custom shapes, micro drives, etc. – Can be built into a consumer product – Additional related hardware becoming available

• USB duplicator systems

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Examples of USB Flash Drives

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Technology and You

Tiny PCs • The size of a USB flash drive • Typically connect to a TV via an

HDMI port • May also have built-in storage and

a microSD • Capabilities vary; smart TVs can

display and stream Internet content

• The newest tiny PCs are fully functioning “computers-on-a- stick”

Intel Compute Stick

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Quick Quiz (3)

1. Flash memory cards are available today in capacities up to _____. a. 64 GB b. 512 MB c. 1 TB

2. True or False: Flash memory is the primary storage for mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones.

3. The most common type of flash memory card today is the __________ card.

Answers: 1) c; 2) True; 3) SD Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 45

Other Types of Storage Systems

• Remote storage refers to using a storage device that is not connected directly to the user’s computer

• Network storage: Using a storage device via a local network – Works in much the same way as using local storage – Network attached storage (NAS) devices are high

performance storage systems connected individually to a network

– A storage area network (SAN) consist of separate network of hard drives or other storage devices that are attached to the main network

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Examples of Network Storage

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Cloud Storage

• Cloud storage (online storage) is accessed via the Internet – Cloud applications (Flickr, Facebook, Google Docs, etc.) – Online storage sites (Box, Dropbox, OneDrive, etc.) – Growing in importance because more and more

applications are Web-based – Increasingly used for backup purposes – Files can be synched between PC and cloud storage – Many online storage sites offer some free storage – Business cloud storage is available; businesses can also

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Example of Cloud Storage

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Smart Cards

• A smart card is a credit card-sized piece of plastic that contains some computer circuitry (processor, memory, and storage) – Stores a small amount of data (about 64 KB or less) – Commonly used to store prepaid amounts of digital cash or

personal information – Smart card readers are built into or attached to a

computer, door lock, vending machine, or other device – Some smart cards store biometric data – Use of mobile smart cards is an emerging trend

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Examples of Uses for Smart Cards

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Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems

• Business storage needs are growing exponentially – Digital data produced is expected to double every two

years through 2020 • A storage server contains multiple high-speed hard drives

– Larger than typical NASs – Usually contain drawers of hard drives – Typically use fast Fibre Channel or iSCSI connections – Scalable so that more hard drives can be added as needed – Can use magnetic and/or SSD drives

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Example of a Large Storage Systems

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RAID

• RAID (redundant arrays of independent discs) is a method of storing data on two or more hard drives that work together to record redundant copies – Used to protect critical data on large storage systems – Helps to increase fault tolerance – Different levels of RAID:

• RAID 0 = disk striping (spread files over two or more hard drives)

• RAID 1 = disk mirroring (duplicate copy) • Other levels use a combination or striping and mirror

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Two Primary RAID Techniques

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Newer RAID Systems

• New storage systems are easier to set up and maintain so dedicated RAID personnel are not needed – For example, the Drobo system:

• Connects to a computer or a network via a USB cable • Contains drive bays into which hard drives can be

inserted • Has capacity and status indicators – drives can be

inserted and removed as needed

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Archival Storage Systems

• Data archiving is the process of identifying and moving data that is no longer actively being used from regular storage systems to a separate long-term archival storage system

• Options for data archival systems: – Large hard drives, such as a helium hard drive (10 TB) – Magnetic tape

• Typically cartridge tapes; can be tape libraries – Higher capacity, archival Blu-ray Discs that are becoming

available; so are optical jukeboxes – Cloud storage

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Examples of Data Archiving Options

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Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives

• Product characteristics to consider: – Speed, compatibility, storage capacity, convenience, and

portability • Each storage alternative normally involves trade-offs • Research which devices and media are most appropriate

to your personal devices • All computers need at least one convenient USB port • Mobile device users

– Fewer options for storage alternatives – Require appropriate wireless connectivity

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Quick Quiz (4)

1. An online photo sharing site is an example of __________. a. RAID b. cloud storage c. holographic storage

2. True or False: Smart cards today typically hold at least 1.44 MB of data.

3. A type of sequential storage that is sometimes used today for business data archiving and in some backup systems because of its low cost per terabyte is __________.

Answers: 1) b; 2) False; 3) magnetic tape Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 60

Summary

• Storage Systems Characteristics • Hard drives • Optical Discs And Drives • Flash Memory Storage Systems • Other Types of Storage Systems • Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives

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Chapter 4 Input and Output

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Learning Objectives (1)

• Explain the purpose of a computer keyboard and the types of keyboards widely used today.

• List several different pointing devices and describe their functions.

• Describe the purposes of scanners and readers and list some types of scanners and readers in use today.

• Explain what digital cameras are and how they are used today.

• Understand the devices that can be used for audio input.

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Learning Objectives (2)

• Describe the characteristics of a display device and explain some of the technologies used to display images.

• List several types of printers and explain their functions. • Identify the hardware devices typically used for audio

output.

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Overview

• This chapter covers: – The most common input devices – Hardware designed for capturing data in electronic form – Audio input – Types of display devices and how they work – Types of printers and how they work – Audio output devices

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Keyboards

• A keyboard is an input device used to enter characters at the location marked by the insertion point or cursor – Can be built-in, wired, or wireless – Typically contains:

• Standard alphanumeric keys • Numeric keypad • Function keys • Delete and Backspace keys • Ctrl and Alt keys • Arrow keys • Special-purpose keys

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A Typical Desktop Keyboard

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Keyboards for Mobile Devices

• Mobile devices often use: – Slide-out keyboard – Pen or touch input (on-screen keyboard)

• Can use an external keyboard (stand-alone or built into a case)

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Pointing Devices

• Pointing devices are used to: – Select and manipulate objects – Input data – Issue commands to the computer

• Common types of pointing devices: – Mouse – Pen/stylus – Devices that use touch input

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Mice

• A mouse is a common pointing device that the user slides to move a pointer around the screen and clicks to make selections – Older mechanical mice use a ball – Optical or laser mice track with light – Touch mice support two-dimensional gestures – Used to start programs; open, move around, and edit

documents; draw or edit images; and more – Can be used with a variety of devices – Typically connect via a USB port or a wireless connection

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Common Mice and Mouse Operations

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Pens/Styluses

• A stylus is a pen-like device used to draw or write electronically on the screen – Also called digital pen, electronic pen, or pen – Pen input is being used for:

• Photography, graphic design, animation • Industrial design, document processing, and healthcare

applications • Navigating through a document • Issuing commands • Handwritten input and drawings

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Pen-Based Computers and Mobile Devices

• Pen input is often used with mobile devices and tablets • Can be used with desktop and portable computers if the

display screen supports it

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Digital Forms

• With handwriting recognition, written text can be converted to editable typed text

• The use of digital forms is increasingly

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Trend

Perceptual Computing • Users control devices with

3D gestures, voice commands, and facial expressions

• Noncontact system • Allows for full body input

and input from a slight distance away or through a glass window The Leap 3D System

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Other Uses for Digital Pens

• Digital writing systems are pen-based systems that capture handwritten input as it is being written – Requires special paper with a grid of dots – Transfers handwritten input to computer

• Graphics tablets are flat, touch sensitive tablets typically connected to computer using a USB port – Also called pen tablets or digitizing devices

• Signature capture devices are used to record signatures for credit card purchases, deliveries, etc.

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Examples of Digital Pens in Use

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Touch Screens

• Touch screens are display devices that are touched with the finger to select commands or otherwise provide input to the computer – Common on portable computers, smartphones, and other

mobile devices – Multi-touch screens can recognize input from more than

one finger at a time – Some support both touch and pen input – Surface Hub (large multi-touch wall-mounted display) – Table PC (large computer either built into a table or

designed to be used on a table)

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Examples of Touch Screens

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Other Pointing Devices

• Gaming devices • Trackballs • Control buttons and

wheels • Touch pads

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How It Works

Augmented Reality • Overlays computer generated

images on top of real-time images

• Today, most often with smartphones using camera input, location info, and other data

• Displays appropriate information related to images captured by the smartphone

A smartphone AR app pointing at a business district.

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Quick Quiz (1)

1. Touch mice __________. a. support finger swipes and gestures b. navigate by a process called inking c. contain a scroll wheel on the top

2. True or False: With handwriting recognition, handwritten text can be converted to editable text.

3. On-screen forms that can convert handwritten text into editable typed text are called __________.

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Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras

• Some devices capture data initially in digital form • Others capture data from source documents

– Already exist in physical form (photographs, checks, invoices, or product labels)

– Source data automation • Saves time • Increases accuracy • Utilizes scanning or

reading devices

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Scanners

• A scanner (optical scanner) is an input device that captures an image of an object in digital form – Data is typically input as a single image – Can scan photos, documents, images, etc. – Types of scanners

• Flatbed scanners (scan flat objects one page at a time) • Portable scanners (scan objects while on the go) • 3D scanners (scan objects in 3D) • There are also task-specific scanners, such as receipt

and business card scanners

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Examples of Scanners

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Scanning Quality and Resolution

• Quality of scanned images indicated by optical resolution – Measured in number of dots per

inch (dpi) – Can often be specified when

image is scanned – Can be changed when scanned

image is edited • Higher resolution means better

quality but larger file size

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Barcodes and Barcode Readers

• Barcodes are machine-readable optical codes that represent data as a set of bars

• Barcode readers are input devices that read barcodes • Types of barcodes

– Read by traditional barcode reader • Universal Product Code (UPC) • ISBN • Code 39

– Read by mobile apps • QR Codes (two-dimensional; hold much more data) • Digital watermarks (icons)

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Examples of Barcodes and Digital Watermark Icons

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Examples of Barcode Readers

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Radio Frequency ID (RFID)

• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that stores, reads, and transmits data located in RFID tags

• RFID tags contain tiny chips and radio antennas – Can be attached to objects – Read by RFID readers

• Handheld, portal, and stationary – Tags only need to be within range of

the reader, rather than in line of sight • Used for a variety of applications

– Tracking inventory and assets – Electronic toll collection – Tracking patients in hospitals – Ticketing applications – IDs (driver licenses, U.S. passports, etc.)

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Near Field Communications (NFC)

• Near Field Communications (NFC) is a short-range wireless communication standard based on RFID – Used to transfer information between smartphones or

between a smartphone and an NFC-enable reader – Used for contactless mobile payments

• Credit card or smartphone containing the NFC technology needs to be within an inch or so of the NFC- enabled payment terminal

– More appropriate than conventional RFID for mobile payments

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Examples of RFID and NFC Applications

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Optical Mark Readers (OMR) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

• Optical mark readers (OMRs) input data from optical forms to score or tally exams, questionnaires, ballots

• Optical character recognition (OCR) recognizes text characters and converts them to electronic form as text, not images – Identifies each character and convert it to editable text – Used to process turnaround documents like monthly

bills – Read by OCR devices – Optical characters are designed to be read by OCR devices

but can still be read by humans

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OMR Readers and Optical Characters

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Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR ) Readers

• Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) is used primarily for banking to facilitate check processing – MICR readers (check scanners)

read the MICR characters printed at the bottom of checks

– Used by banks – Used by businesses to remotely

deposit checks – Individuals typically use ATMs or

mobile deposit instead

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Technology and You

Mobile Payments and Digital Wallets • Digital wallets, like Apple Pay and

Google Wallet, store payment information to pay for purchases

• Mobile digital wallets are stored on mobile devices – Typically use NFC – Competing NFC readers

• Mobile payments can also be made via mobile credit card readers, mobile banking apps, or mobile payment apps (Square Cash or PayPal)

An NFC-enabled payment terminal.

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Biometric Readers

• Biometric readers are used to input biometric data such as an individual’s fingerprint or voice – Can be stand-alone

readers or built into another piece of hardware

– Most often used for access control, to authorize electronic payments, and to log on to secure Web sites

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Digital Cameras

• Digital cameras take pictures and records them as digital images – Can be still cameras and/or video cameras – Integrated into portable computers, smartphones, and

tablets • Digital still cameras

– Primary appeal is that images are immediately available – Camera quality is measured in megapixels – Typically use flash memory for storage – Slight delay when taking photos

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Examples of Digital Still Cameras

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Digital Video Cameras

• Digital video cameras – Digital camcorders, PC video cameras (PC cams, webcams) – Built-in and stand-alone cameras – Store images on digital media (flash memory, DVDs, hard

drives, etc.) • Applications

– Live video feeds and recorded video

– Surveillance – Video conferences,

phone calls, and Webinars

– Face recognition systems

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Audio Input

• Audio input – The process of entering audio data into the computer

• Voice input – Inputting spoken words and converting them to digital

form via microphone or headset – Used in conjunction with sound recorder software – Speech recognition systems enable the device being used

to recognize voice input as spoken words • Can be used for dictation as well to as to issue

commands to the device – Usually incorporated into smartphones, GPS systems, and

other mobile devices

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Example of a Speech Recognition System

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Music Input Systems

• Music input systems input music into a computer or other device – Existing music can be input

using CDs or a Web download – For original compositions,

microphones, keyboard controllers, and guitar controllers can be used to input music

– Inputted music can be edited, saved, played, etc.

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Quick Quiz (2)

1. Which technology is used primarily by the banking industry to facilitate check processing? a. OCR b. MICR c. OMR

2. True or False: One disadvantage of digital cameras is the slight delay between when the user presses the button and when the camera takes the photo.

3. A voice input system typically requires software and a(n) __________ in order to input voice data or commands into a computer.

Answers: 1) b; 2) True; 3) microphone © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 43

Display Devices

• Display devices present output visually on some type of screen – Monitors are display devices typically used with a desktop

computer – Display screens are built into a variety of devices

• Notebook and other portable computers • Smartphones and mobile devices • Handheld gaming devices, home entertainment

devices, kitchen appliances • Digital photo frames, e-book readers, smart watches • Digital signage systems, digital billboards

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Examples of Display Devices

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Display Device Characteristics

• Color vs. monochrome displays – Images are formed using pixels – Most displays today are color displays

• CRT vs. flat-panel displays – Cathode ray tube (CRT) displays: large, bulky, and heavy – Flat-panel displays: take up less desk space; use less power

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Size, Aspect Ratio, and Screen Resolution

• Size and aspect ratio – Device size measured diagonally from corner to corner – Wide variety of sizes available – Most are wide-screen displays (16:9 aspect ratio)

• Screen resolution – The number of pixels used on a display determines its

resolution – Affects the amount of information that can be displayed

on the screen at one time – Can be changed to match users’ preference

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Video Adapters, Interfaces, and Ports

• Video cards determine the graphic capabilities of a computer

• VGA, DVI, and HDMI are the three most common interfaces to connect monitors to a computer

• Ports exposed in the system unit cases connect monitors to computers – Newer option is to use USB

ports

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Example of a Video Card

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Wired, Wireless, and High-Definition Displays

• Wired vs. wireless displays – Wired display are physically connected to the system via a

cable – Wireless displays connect using a wireless network

connection (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) • High-definition displays

– Most common HD format is 1080p – Ultra HD (4K) uses about four times as many pixels as

1080p displays

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Wireless Displays

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Wearable and Touch Displays

• Wearable displays project images from a mobile device to a display screen – Smart glasses

• Touch and gesture capabilities – Kiosks – Portable gaming devices – Smartphones – Tablets

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Flat Panel Display Technologies

• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) use charged liquid crystals between sheets of glass or plastic – Requires backlighting

• Light emitting diode (LED) displays use LCD panels and LED backlighting

• Organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays use layers of organic material – Emit visible light so do not require backlighting – More energy efficient – Are thinner and have a wider viewing angle – Incorporated into many digital cameras, smartphones, TVs, and

other consumer devices

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Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays

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Other Types of OLEDs

• FOLED (Flexible OLED) – OLED displays built on flexible surfaces such as plastic or

metallic foil • TOLED (Transparent OLED)

– Displays are transparent – Emit light toward top and bottom of display surface

• PHOLED (Phosphorescent OLED) – Process that results in much more conversion of electrical

energy into light instead of heat

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Examples of Special Types of OLEDs

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Inside the Industry

Wearable Holographic Displays • Project images on top of

what the person wearing the display is already seeing

• Microsoft HoloLens – Essentially a head-

mounted computer – Does not need to

connect to a smartphone or computer to function

Microsoft HoloLens

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Electronic Paper (E-Paper) Displays

• Electronic paper (e-paper) displays use electronic ink (e-ink) – Used for e-readers and other

devices – Easier to read in direct sunlight – Content can change

wireless – Only uses power to

change images, not maintain an image

– Can be monochrome or color

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Other Types of Flat Panel Displays

• Interferometric Modulator (IMOD) displays – Essentially a complex mirror

that uses external light to display images

– Designed initially for mobile phones and portable devices

– Images are bright and clear, even in sunlight

• Plasma displays use layers of gas between two plates of glass – Being replaced by LCDs

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Data and Multimedia Projectors

• Data projectors (multimedia projectors) display output from a computer to a wall or projection screen – Found in classrooms and conference rooms – Can be wireless or integrated into devices – Some contain an iPod dock

• Pico projectors are pocket-size and connect to mobile and portable devices

• Keyboard projectors project virtual keyboards • 3D projectors can project images used with 3D glasses or

holograms

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Examples of Data Projectors

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Printers

• Printers produce hard copy – Impact printers (dot-matrix)

• Print mechanism strikes an inked ribbon to transfer ink to the paper

• Used to produce multipart forms – Non-impact printers (ink-jet/laser)

• Use liquid ink or toner • Produce higher quality images • Much quieter than impact printers

– Can be color or black-and-white printers

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Examples of Dot-Matrix and Color Printers

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Printer Characteristics

• Print resolution – Measured in dpi (dots per inch) or images per minute (IPM) – More dots per inch results in higher quality output – 300 dpi for general purpose printing; 1,200 dpi for

photographs; 2,400 dpi for professional applications • Print speed

– Measured in pages per minute (PPM) – Range from about 15 to 65 ppm

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Printer Capabilities

• Personal vs. network printers – Personal printers connect directly to a single computer – Network printers connect directly to a home or an office

network; some can perform cloud printing • Connection options

– USB connection, wired network, Wi-Fi, Internet

• Multifunction devices (MFDs) or all-in-ones – Copy, fax, scan, print

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Cloud Printing

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Laser Printers

• Laser printers use toner powder and technology similar to that of a photocopier to produce images on paper

• The standard for business documents – Print one entire page at a time – Generally faster and have better quality output than ink-jet

printers • Use toner cartridges; toner is transferred to the paper

and fused with heat • Color printers use four toner cartridges

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How Color Laser Printers Work

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Ink-Jet Printers

• Ink-jet printers spray droplets of ink to produce images on paper – Use ink cartridges – Usually print in color – Often the choice for home use – Relatively inexpensive with good-quality output – Print more slowly than laser printers – Potential applications for the future

• Dispensing liquid metal, computer chips, “printing” human tissue, silk and protein ink, etc.

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How Ink-Jet Printers Work

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Special Purpose Printers

• Barcode printers (print a variety of barcodes)

• RFID printers (encode RFID tabs)

• Label printers (print labels and/or postage)

• Photo printers • Portable printers (used

while on the go or by service professionals)

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Integrated and Large-Format Ink-Jet Printers

• Integrated printers (built into a smartphone, digital camera, etc.)

• Large-format ink-jet printers (print posters, maps, signs, blueprints, etc.) – Sometimes called

plotters – Print up to about 120

inches in width – Some print on fabric

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3D Printers

• 3D printers form output in layers to build a 3D version of the desired output – Can print using plastic, metal,

ceramic, wood, glass, sugar, etc. – Additive manufacturing – Print customized objects on demand

• Personal products • Medical products • Prototypes or custom parts • Can contain moving parts

– Issues such as 3D-printed weapons © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 73

Audio Output

• Audio output includes voice, music, and other audible sounds – Common audio output devices

• Computer speakers • Headphones, headsets, and earbuds

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 74

Quick Quiz (3)

1. Which display devices takes up the largest amount of room on a desk? a. CRT monitor b. OLED display c. LCD display

2. True or False: Laser printers can only print in black and white. 3. 3D printers typically form output in layers with a process

known as __________ manufacturing.

Answers: 1) a; 2) False; 3) additive

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 75

Summary

• Keyboards • Pointing and Touch Devices • Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras • Audio Input • Display Devices • Printers • Audio Output

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 76