Marketing in the digital age is very dynamic; it is necessary to monitor multiple digital channels and platforms to engage with your target audience without missing any opportunity. Digital channels and platforms are measurable and allow for monitoring performance of your marketing efforts in real time.
As a regional marketing director in the course scenario, you are tasked with designing a phased marketing strategy for reopening the park. You have already done an analysis of brand implications and discussed suitable traditional marketing methods to address the marketing needs for park reopening. As the organization has chosen a blended approach (traditional plus digital) for marketing, your CMO wants you to create a digital marketing strategy to go with the traditional marketing strategy you already determined.
Prompt
Create a narrated PowerPoint presentation to help other directors in the scenario understand the importance of digital marketing for brand awareness. Ground your responses in research and rich detail. Specifically, you need to address the following criteria:
How will you use digital marketing to enhance brand awareness? (Slide 1)
Identify two digital marketing methods that can be used for brand awareness and support with reasons (Slides 2–3).
How will the identified methods help you reach the target audience?
How will you determine the balance between the digital and traditional marketing?
Define short-term and long-term goals for brand awareness in the digital marketing strategy.
How will you measure the performance of your marketing efforts?
Use search engine optimization (SEO) to improve search performance (Slides 4–5).
Identify five keywords or phrases you will use to improve web search performance, and justify your strategy for keyword selection.
How will you redesign or rewrite the content of your website to support SEO strategy?
Define inbound marketing and describe its efforts (Slide 6).
How can they help in brand awareness?
Define the required content strategy for inbound marketing.
Note: In addition to the text on the slides, remember to include precise and extensive speaker notes should be used to address all the critical elements in the presentation. For example, you can use brief bulleted lists on the slide and include detailed explanations in your audio narration or speaker notes.
Topic:- Tips for Communicating in Health Care Administration
Item 2 of the Portfolio: Annotated Bibliography
This week, you will submit an annotated bibliography for two (2) of your sources for the final project Both sources should be scholarly and from the APUS Library. Read the instructions for upcoming Assignments so you will have a good idea of sources you might need.
Each source (listed in alphabetical order) should have a complete Works Cited or References entry for the citation style you are using, as well as an annotation, which should be a paragraph or two summarizing and evaluating the article. Information about the author's credentials and the publisher's credibility may be included. The value of the sources to the final project should be part of the annotation. (Summaries/evaluations under one hundred words each will be considered under-developed.)
Write in the third person only. It's a good idea to include a signal phrase, a direct quote or paraphrase, and a parenthetical citation within each summary.
To format your Works Cited or References entries, you may use the library cite button discussed in the week four lessons. Include the article’s web link (the https address—not just the DOI) at the end of your Works Cited entry. Just copy and paste it from your web browser if it is not already included. Examples are shown in the attached Template (which you will download) and Sample (which is attached to show you an example of what a good submission looks like).
The first question is open-ended and allows for the discovery (understanding) of reasons
(factors behind) why employees might leave the industry. This is exploratory rather than
measureable, and therefore no statistical test can be employed and no testable hypothesis can be
developed. Taken together, that is what makes it a solid qualitative research question.
The second question seeks to quantify (measure) the relationship between two variables;
transformational leadership and employee retention. Unlike the first question where the factors
were not known, here the factors (variables) are known. That means that this relationship can be
statistically evaluated based upon a testable hypothesis. In this case: H0 There is no statistically
significant relationship between transformational leadership style and employee retention. The
ability to develop testable hypotheses is what makes for a good quantitative research question.
The third question seeks to extract rich information from a research participant and might
be used in a study based upon the Qualitative Research Question above. This is not a research
question!
The fourth question seeks to quantify a participant’s feelings about a specific topic to
provide measureable data. This would be a great survey question to support a study based upon
the Quantitative Research Question above. This is not a research question!
Effective Problem Statements & Research Questions V2.1 Page 10 of 12
10 October, 2022
Developing a solid set of Research Questions
As stated above, the research questions should inform the problem statement. The
researcher should start with the specific problem and take it apart to find out what areas need to
be explored. Using the Problem Statement example above, the following need to be addressed:
The failure of leaders to gain employee support for new product development initiatives.
The failure of product line changes
The retail clothing industry
That’s it. The southeast United States is a boundary for the study to narrow the focus
although you could ask about this region of the country if there are relevant differences. With
this list established, the researcher can develop the Research Questions. For qualitative studies
this will typically be between three and four broad questions and sub-questions (as appropriate)
that dig into the things you need to know about. For quantitative studies this will typically be up
to three questions that dig into relationships or measurements.
Qualitative Research Question Examples
1. Why do leaders face challenges gaining employee support for new product development
initiatives?
1.a. What leadership actions or behaviors contribute to the failure or success in gaining
support?
1 b. What employee actions or behaviors contribute to the failure or success in gaining
support?
2. In what way are new product development initiatives different than other change initiatives?
Effective Problem Statements & Research Questions V2.1 Page 11 of 12
10 October, 2022
3. Do any differences in new product development initiatives aid or hinder the ability of the
leader to gain support?
4. What cultural elements are present in the retail clothing industry that positions organizations
for success or failure in implementing change initiatives?
You will note that the first research question looks at both the reasons for failure and for
success. It is important to always come at a topic from both perspectives. All questions are open
ended and will gain information related to successes and failures by asking what, how, why, etc.
It should also be noted that the open ended nature of the inquiry has the ability to generate rich
data that is not bounded by preconceived notions regarding the topic.
Quantitative Research Question Examples
1. What is the relationship between leadership style and the leader’s ability to gain employee
support?
2. What is the relationship between leadership style and the organization’s ability to successfully
engage in change initiatives?
It should be noted that these questions are focused on the relationship between known
factors (variables). In the first question the variables are leadership style and ability to gain
support and in the second on the variables are leadership style and the ability of the organization
to change. Each of these could be used to develop testable null hypotheses. As an example, the
second Research Question could be used to develop these null hypotheses:
Effective Problem Statements & Research Questions V2.1 Page 12 of 12
10 October, 2022
There is no statistically significant relationship between passive avoidant leadership style
and the organization’s success in completing change initiatives.
There is no statistically significant relationship between transactional leadership style and
the organization’s success in completing change initiatives.
There is no statistically significant relationship between transformational leadership style
and the organization’s success in completing change initiatives.
Summary
As stated earlier, all good business research begins with a clearly articulated and focused
Problem Statement and is guided by a comprehensive and clear set of Research Questions. Keep
in mind that the goal here is not to develop a literary masterpiece; instead the goal is to establish
clearly stated foundation upon which the rest of the research project can be built. It is only with
the Problem Statement and Research Questions in place, that it is possible to develop the
conceptual / theoretical framework, methodology, and topical outline for the literature review.
The critical nature of these first two steps in the research journey cannot be overstated. It is
essential that the researcher take the necessary time here to get this right or the research project
will flounder or not develop at all.
Happy Researching!
Dr. Moore
,
BUSI 830
Case Study Literature Review Assignment Instructions
Overview
In a Liberty University ADRP/dissertation, many approaches could be used, but the predominant research method is a case study. In this culminating assignment, you will synthesize the qualitative methodology of Case Study research as well as principles of a comprehensive Literature Review in developing a ‘partial’ case study. Biblical integration is NOT required in this assignment.
Instructions
Use the Module 2/Week 2: Case Study Methodology Assignment, applying instructor feedback to build on for this assignment. So, yes, if appropriate or needing editing based on instructor feedback, you are copying and pasting a portion of your Module 2/Week 2 assignment. After reviewing the Learn material for this Module: Week and review of the rest of the course, in the current APA format, craft a business-facing Case Study (related to your program of study [and cognate]) from the business issue (background), problem startement, research question, up to and including a ‘truncated’ (space limited) Literature Review phase, with biblical worldviews. For topic selection, instructor approval is NOT required. Your selected topic of research should have at least some literature already published – you will need it for things like background of your problem, supporting sentences in your problem statement, and of course, the literature review. DO NOT take a previously researched case and try to make it your own, but yes, you will use previously published research as you review the literature to support YOUR case. You must demonstrate triangulation somewhere within (either methodology, theory, investigator, data, or data analysis) or if unable at this stage, your plan for triangulation if you were to continue to finish this case study. If there could be any doubt, we need to see you demonstrate the ‘aligned’ first few ‘defining elements’ of a case study (defined case, problem statement, research question(s), protocol/methodology/data collection, and then the appropriate, structured, connected, and relational (truncated) literature review.
In this assignment, when you finish the Literature Review and Conclusion, you will feel ‘incomplete’ because your case study itself IS incomplete. In this class, you are NOT going past the Literature review to demonstrate a 100% complete case study that your ADRP will further include things like: nature of study, significance of study, framework, research methodology, assumptions, limitations, delimitations, participants/population, the actual research, data collection, analysis, findings, application to professional practices, and recommendations (Note for perspective: the ADRP process contains 17 tasks, the Literature Review is Task 7 with a minimum of 20-pages of content).
Required Format
Cover page
Abstract
Introduction (remember, we don’t use this word, but the intro is the text after the title up to the first L1 heading)
This 2,400 minimum, 3,000 maximum word paper needs to be written to include these guidelines:
· The required title, abstract, running head, table, and reference pages are not included in the required assignment word count but are required as part of your paper (meaning the word count is all material from after the abstract keywords up to the References).
· Materials submitted to fulfill requirements in one course may not be submitted in another course. Concerns about the propriety of obtaining outside assistance and acknowledging sources should be addressed to the instructor of the course before the work commences and as necessary as the work proceeds.
· In addition to the course texts, this paper must include at least 10 references from peer-reviewed scholarly articles that have publication dates no older than 5 years. Do not use any books other than the course texts.
· All parts of the assignment must be based on peer-reviewed scholarly sources and course texts.
· In-text citations are required to support your (a) statements, (b) points, (c) assertions, (d) issues, (e) arguments, (f) concerns, (g) paragraph topic sentences, and (h) statements of fact and opinion. Refer to Section 8.1, Appropriate Level of Citation on pages 253 and 254 in the APA Manual (7th ed.).
· Do not provide any personal opinions.
· Since the assignment is short in word count, the introduction and conclusion sections should not be longer than ½ page each.
· For papers this length, there should be at least three (3) ‘levels of headings’.
· Since this assignment is relatively short in word count, the introduction and conclusion sections should not be longer than ½ page each.
Means using the same accounting methods to describe similar economic events from period to period.
Enhances decision usefulness by allowing users to identify trends or turning points in a company’s performance over time.
Changing accounting methods:
Firms sometimes voluntarily switch accounting methods or revise estimates because the alternative method or estimate better reflects the firm’s underlying economics.
Accounting standards-setting bodies frequently issue new standards requiring companies to change accounting methods (mandatory).
When firms change accounting methods, it raises questions about transition methods.
Change from one generally accepted accounting principle to another. This change can be voluntary (initiated by the firm) or mandatory (required by a standards-setting body such as the F A S B).
Voluntary Change in methods of inventory costing Mandatory Adoption of the new F A S B standard on revenue recognition
Change in accounting estimate
Revision of an estimate because of new information or new experience.
Change in estimated percentage of uncollectible accounts (bad debts) Change in depreciation method (for example, straight line to accelerated method)* Change in estimated service life or salvage value of depreciable assets
Change in reporting entity
Change in the economic units that comprise the reporting entity.
Reporting consolidated financial statements in place of financial statements for individual entities Adding a subsidiary not previously included in prior years’ consolidated financial statements
*Under U.S. G A A P, a change in depreciation methods is treated as a change in estimate that is achieved by a change in accounting principle.
A firm voluntarily changes from one principle to another, or
Accounting standards are revised required a new method.
U.S. G A A P requires firms to use the retrospective approach (unless it is impracticable to do so or a new standard specifies some other transition method).
Prior years’ financial statements are revised to reflect the impact of the accounting principle change (as if the new principle had been used since the company’s inception).
A journal entry is made to adjust all account balance sheet accounts as of the beginning of the current year to what their balances would have been had the new method always been used.
The entry typically requires an adjustment to the firm’s beginning Retained earnings balance to reflect the cumulative effect of the accounting principle change on all prior periods’ reported income.
In some cases, it is impracticable to apply a change in accounting principle retrospectively. In such cases, the cumulative effect approach is permitted. This approach may also be required with certain new accounting standards.
The balance sheet as of the first day of the year the change is adjusted to what it would have been had the firm always used the new method.
No prior-period financial statements are restated.
Service lives and salvage values of depreciable assets.
Warranty obligations.
Changes in accounting estimates come about because new information indicates the previous estimate is no longer valid.
When accounting estimates are changed, prior year income is never adjusted.
Prospective approach – Instead, the income effects of the changed estimate are accounted for in the period of the change and in future periods if the change affects both.
A change in reporting entity occurs when the entities comprised by the financial statements change:
Consolidated or combined statements are replacing statements of individual entities
There is a change in the subsidiaries to be consolidated or combined
A business combination accounted for under the acquisition method is specifically excluded from the definition of a change in reporting entity.
Requirements:
When a change in reporting entity occurs, comparative financial statements for prior years must be restated to reflect the new reporting entity as if it had been in existence during all the years presented.
The effect of the change on income, net income, other comprehensive income, and any related per share amounts are disclosed for all periods presented.
Disclosure of the Expected Financial Statement Effects of Recently Issued Accounting Standards
S A B 74 requires extensive disclosures about the financial statement effects of adopting a new standard. These include:
A brief description of the new standard and adoption date
Methods of adoption allowed and the method company intends to use.
Discussion of the impact that adoption will have on the financial statements of the company.
Disclosure of potential impact of other significant matters that may result due to adoption.
S A B 74 disclosures are useful because they provide information about how new standards will change reported amounts so that forecasts can be compared to historical numbers using the same accounting methods.
Once discovered, accounting errors and irregularities must be corrected and disclosed.
Material errors discovered after the year in which the error is made are corrected through a prior period adjustment.
This adjustment results in a change to the beginning Retained earnings balance (for the year the error is detected) and correction of related asset or liability balances.
Previous years’ financial statements that are presented for comparative purposes are retroactively restated to reflect the specific accounts that are corrected.
The impact of the error on current and prior period reported net income is disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.
A Reissuance Restatement – “Big R” is one where the error is so significant that investors must be alerted promptly when the error is discovered and that they should no longer rely on previously issued financial statements.
Firms must disclose the existence of the errors through a Form 8-K within four days of discovery.
A Revision Restatement – “Little R” is less severe and does not trigger the requirement of an 8-K filing because the financial statements are still reliable.
The financial statements are corrected in the next quarterly or annual report.
Management is often free to choose from equally acceptable alternative accounting methods.
The Summary of Significant Accounting Policies note explains the important accounting choices the reporting entity uses to account for selected transactions and accounts.
Events or transactions that have a significant effect on a company’s financial position or results of operations sometimes occur after the close of its fiscal year-end but before the financial statements are issued.
Disclosure of these subsequent events is required if they are material and are likely to influence investors’ appraisal of the risk and return prospects of the reporting entity.
A related-party transaction occurs when a company enters into a transaction with individuals or other businesses that are in some way connected to its management or board of directors.
Disclosure is required in a financial statement note to include
Firms are permitted to present non-G A A P metrics as long as they are not given greater prominence than G A A P disclosures, are reconciled to the closest comparable G A A P metric, and are not misleading.
The transition method for a change in accounting principles is most often retrospective, meaning prior financial statements are recast as if the company had always used the method to which it is changing. However, sometimes that approach is not practical or a new standard calls for a different transition method, such as a cumulative effect adjustment.
Retrospective treatment facilitates the analysis of a company’s performance over time.
Once discovered, accounting errors or irregularities must be corrected and disclosed through a restatement.
Particularly serious errors require immediate notification through an S E C filing warning financial statement users not to continue relying on the previously issued financial statements.
Non-G A A P metrics are measures of performance or financial condition that are not amounts defined by G A A P, either because the exclude certain items from, say, a measure of income, or they define an amount differently than how it is defined under G A A P. Firms are permitted to provide non-G A A P metrics as long as they are not misleading, they are not presented any more prominently than G A A P measures in the financial reports, and for every non-G A A P metric presented, a reconciliation between it and the closet G A A P metric is also provided.
Final Project: Company Analysis and Report Assignment Instructions
Overview
During this course, you will complete a final project. The purpose of the final project is to allow you to use all of the concepts studied during the course to analyze a publicly traded company of your choice. After completing the analysis, you will submit a report on the financial condition of the company.
Instructions
· Choose any publicly traded company of your choice
· Locate the company’s latest published annual report
· Review the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows
· Calculate a minimum of 7 ratios from the ratios studied during the course
· Complete an analysis of the financial condition of the company based on the ratio analysis and additional information found in the annual report
· Your final report should consist of the following:
· Overview of the company and its industry
· Products/services offered
· History of the stock price
· Results of the financial ratio analysis
· Key financial highlights and lowlights found in the annual report
· Key points from the CEO’s letter to shareholder’s in the annual report
· Recommendations to the company on how to improve its financial performance for the future.
· Provides the decision on whether to invest or not in this company with supporting information based on the financial analysis completed.
· Length of assignment – The final project should be 5 to 7 pages, not including the financial statements and the ratio analysis, which should be placed in the Appendix. The assignments should be submitted in a Word document with spreadsheets embedded in the Word document, as needed.
· A cover page is also required, but not part of the 5 to 7 pages of content. A properly formatted reference page and corresponding in-text citations are also required.
· You should use APA formatting
· A minimum of five scholarly citations are required
· Acceptable sources include scholarly articles published within the last five years and your textbook.
Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.
Shares of common stock are the equity shares that provide the opportunity for purchasers to participate in the company’s future profitability
Par value refers to the nominal value or face value of a security—a dollar amount printed on the face of each stock certificate.
Limited liability makes investing in common stock attractive because although potential gains from ownership are unlimited, the risk of loss is limited to the share purchase price.
Nahigian Corp. issues 5,000 shares of $1 par common stock at $50 per share. The company records the stock issuance as:
When a corporation buys back its own shares, the repurchased shares are called treasury stock if the shares are to be held in the corporate treasury for later use.
Later, Nahigian reacquires 200 of these shares at a cost of $48 each.
DR Treasury stock
$9,600
CR Cash
$9,600
Contra-equity account Treated as a reduction in owners’ equity
Figure 16.1 THE DOLLAR VALUE OF STOCK REPURCHASED EACH QUARTER 2014 to 2018 BY U.S. COMPANIES IN THE STANDARD & POOR’S 500 INDEX (IN BILLIONS)
SOURCE: C. McGrath, “S&P 500 Companies Buy Back $806 Billion in 2018,” Pensions & Investments, March 25, 2019. The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (S&P 500) is one of the most commonly used benchmarks for the overall U.S. stock market. A team of analysts and economists at Standard & Poor’s chooses 500 stocks for the index based on market size, liquidity, and industry grouping, among other factors.
Owners’ equity is one of the accounting numbers used in many contracts with lenders, suppliers, and others.
Lending agreements usually include covenants that restrict maximum allowable debt-to-equity levels, where equity refers to the book value amount disclosed on the company’s balance sheet.
[A] subsidiary of the Company maintained unsecured revolving credit facilities with banks aggregating $100 million (the “Credit Facilities”). . . . The Credit Facilities requires the subsidiary to maintain certain financial ratios, including debt to net worth and debt to EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Facilities), and contain other restrictions, none of which are expected to have a material effect on our operations or financial position. At April 28, 2018, we were in compliance with all loan covenants.
Source: National Beverage Corp. Annual Report, year ended April 28, 2018, p. 19.
Firms have incentives to use their financial reporting latitude to circumvent these contractual restrictions.
Relative to common stock, preferred stock confers certain preferences:
Preferred shareholders must be paid their dividends in full before a cash distribution can be made to common shareholders.
Participating preferred stock entitles its holders to share in profits above the declared dividend along with common shareholders.
Most preferred stock is nonparticipating, meaning that holders are entitled to receive only the stipulated dividends.
If the company is liquidated, preferred stockholders must receive cash or other assets at least equal to the stated (par) value of their shares before any assets are distributed to common shareholders.
Preferred stock dividends are not contractual obligations; the board of directors does not have to declare preferred dividends.
$25 stated value,
8% preferred stock
Dividend would be $2 per share ($25 stated value × 8%)
Preferred shares are usually cumulative. If a particular quarter’s preferred dividend is not declared, no dividends on common shares can be paid until all unpaid past and current preferred dividends are paid.
A company that issues mandatorily redeemable preferred stock is required to retire it (as with debt) at some future date—usually in 5 or 10 years.
Most mandatorily redeemable preferred stock must be reported as a liability (rather than in the owners’ equity) section of the balance sheet.
Companies are also required to record the related preferred stock dividends as interest expense.
As of January 1, 2016, 1,000 shares of Series A preferred stock were authorized, of which 40 shares were issued and outstanding. The dividends are recorded as a component of Interest expense as the Series A preferred stock is treated as a liability for accounting purposes.
Source: Marriott Vacations Worldwide Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 2016.
Under current U.S. G A A P, stock dividends reduce retained earnings, but stock splits may not.
Small stock distributions (less than 25% of shares outstanding) are required to be recorded as stock dividends.
The market value of the distributed shares is transferred from retained earnings to the par value and paid-in capital accounts.
Distributions that equal or exceed 25% of shares outstanding—commonly called stock splits—can be treated in either of two ways:
Like a true split, which reduces the per share par value and increases the number of shares proportionately.
Like a stock dividend.
Stock dividends and stock splits recorded as stock dividends reduce the company’s future cash dividend-paying ability in states where cash dividends are limited by retained earnings.
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you will understand: 1
How to account for investments in debt securities.
How an investor’s degree of influence over an investee company determines the accounting treatment of equity investments and why.
How fair value accounting is applied to equity securities.
How to apply the equity method and the fair value option.
What consolidated financial statements are, how they are prepared under the acquisition method, and how noncontrolling interests are measured and reported.
How goodwill arises and when it is considered impaired and written down.
How business combinations were previously accounted for under the purchase and pooling of interests methods and how the method used to record an acquisition in the past affects financial analysis, even today.
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you will understand: 2
What variable interest entities (VIEs) are and when they must be consolidated.
The major differences between IFRS and U.S. GAAP related to accounting for financial assets, consolidations, special purpose entities (SPEs) or VIEs, and joint ventures.
Debt securities (e.g., bonds and notes) that a firm intends to hold to maturity are generally accounted for at amortized cost.
The investment account is adjusted for the amortization of premium or discount in each period.
Interest income is recognized following the effective interest method.
No adjustment is made for a change in the fair value of debt securities in the held-to-maturity portfolio.
Principal Financial purchases a five-year $100,000 bond from Baker Company with a 7% coupon interest rate for $108,659 on January 1, 20X1. The effective yield on this bond investment is 5%, meaning the discount rate that equates the $108,659 purchase price with the present value of the promised cash flows is 5%. The bond matures on December 31, 20X5, and a $7,000 coupon payment is due at the end of each year.
Investments in debt securities classified as available for sale are presented in the balance sheet at fair value, requiring an adjustment at each balance sheet date.
The investor applies the effective interest method just as it would for a held-to-maturity investment, and adjusts the amortized cost at each balance sheet date to the fair value.
The fair value adjustment is reported as part of other comprehensive income.
Suppose Principal Financial had classified its investment as available for sale. At December 31, 20X1, the bonds had an amortized cost of $107,092, but a fair value of $107,500. The following entry would be made:
DR Fair value adjustment—available-for-sale securities
$408
CR OCI—unrealized gain or loss in fair value of available-for-sale securities
$408
If an available for sale security is sold, the full holding period gain or loss is recognized in the income statement and the balance in AOCI is “recycled.”
The accounting for trading securities is similar to available-for-sale securities, except that the fair value adjustments are recognized in net income rather than in OCI.
Suppose Principal Financial had classified its investment as trading:
20X1:
DR Cash
$ 7,000
CR Interest income
$ 5,433
CR Investment in bonds
1,567
DR Fair value adjustment—trading securities
$ 408
CR Gain on trading securities
$ 408
The gain is recognized in net income for trading securities.
Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, SEC registrants are subject to the Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) rules for investments in debt securities.
Firms must accrue a loss currently when there is the expectation that not all of the promised principal or interest payments will be received.
The amount of the loss accrued is generally the difference between the present value of the expected cash flows and the amortized cost of the investment.
The rules are generally not applicable to trading securities, which are already reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in net income.
Until firms adopt the CECL rules, they might incur an other-than-temporary impairment.
For available-for-sale debt securities:
If a firm intends or it is likely that the firm will be required to sell the security, the entire amount of impairment is recognized in earnings.
If a firm does not intend to sell the security and it is unlikely that the firm will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, then the other-than-temporary impairment is separated into the amounts:
Representing the credit loss, which is recognized in earnings.
Related to all other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive earnings.
For held-to-maturity securities, the analysis is simpler:
If the fair value of the security is less than amortized cost and the firm does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis, OTTI is recognized.
The OTTI is split between credit loss recognized in net income and losses related to other factors recognized in OCI.
Under GAAP, the method of accounting for equity investments depends on the degree to which the investor company is able to influence the operating decisions of the investee.
EXHIBIT 17.1 Financial Reporting Alternatives for Intercorporate Equity Investments
Type of Investment:
Minority Passive
Minority Active
Controlling
Level of influence:
No substantial influence
Substantial influence
Effective control
Level of ownership:
Less than 20%*
20%–50%*
More than 50%
Accounting:
Fair value measurement with unrealized gains and losses reported in income statement
Equity method
Full consolidation
Fair value option permitted
Transactions completed 2009 or later: Acquisition Method
Transactions completed July 1, 2001 through 2008: Purchase Method
Transactions completed prior to July 1, 2001: Purchase Method or Pooling of Interests†
* Presumptive ownership level. May be rebutted by evidence indicating level of influence is substantial even though ownership is below 20% or that level of influence is not substantial even though ownership exceeds 20%.
†For qualifying transactions completed through an exchange of shares.
Minority Passive Investments: Fair Value Accounting 4
To record the purchase of shares on January 1, 20X1:
DR Investment in Company A common
$ 10,000
DR Investment in Company B preferred
20,000
CR Cash
$ 30,000
The total fair value of all minority-passive investments is compared to the total cost of the securities. The fair value is $1,000 less than the cost so a fair value adjustment is required:
DR Unrealized holding loss on minority-passive investments (income statement)
$ 1,000
CR Fair value adjustment—minority-passive investments
Minority Passive Investments: Fair Value Accounting 6
To record the purchase of shares on July 1, 20X2:
DR Investment in Company C common
$ 30,000
DR Investment in Company D common
40,000
CR Cash
$ 70,000
At year-end 20X2, the portfolio’s value is $97,000 versus a $100,000 cost, so a $3,000 credit is the required balance in the fair value adjustment account. It currently has a $1,000 credit so the following is required:
DR Unrealized holding loss on minority-passive investments (income statement)
$ 2,000
CR Fair value adjustment—minority-passive investments
Literature Review Fusion and Examining Assignment Instructions
Overview
Now that you have done some literature review research and decided on a structure and approach, it is time to put some real ‘meat on the bone’ – synthesis and analysis (or examination and fusion) of your research. This is where you ‘develop’ the story through a literature review’s introduction, main body, and conclusion. This includes connecting the ideas, theory-building, constant comparison, and developing an argument. Biblical integration IS required in this assignment.
Instructions
After reviewing the required material stated in this week’s module, address the following in a written paper using the current APA format:
· Within literature review development, explain the concept of ‘connecting ideas’ (how do you make links between different areas of work)
· Describe how one goes about building a theory from the researched data
· Discuss how Constant Comparison permeates your literature synthesis and analysis
· Explain ‘developing an argument’ and how it is different from an empirical research project
· As opposed to mutual exclusion, discuss how ‘Thick Description’ is a result of better integration of analysis and synthesis
Required Format
Cover page
Abstract
Introduction (remember, we don’t use this word, but the intro is the text after the title up to the first L1 heading)
Connecting Ideas
Theory-Building
Constant Comparison
Developing an Argument
Thick Description
Conclusion
References
Additional Requirements
Use the provided Literature Review Fusion and Examining Assignment Template.
This 1,000 minimum, 1,500 maximum word paper needs to be written to include these guidelines:
· The required cover page, abstract, and reference pages are not included in the required assignment word count but are required as part of your paper (meaning the word count is all material from after the abstract keywords up to the References).
· Materials submitted to fulfill requirements in one course may not be submitted in another course. Concerns about the propriety of obtaining outside assistance and acknowledging sources should be addressed to the instructor of the course before the work commences and as necessary as the work proceeds.
· In addition to the course texts and the Bible, this paper must include at least 6 references from peer-reviewed scholarly articles that have publication dates no older than 5 years. Do not use any books other than the Bible and the books.
· All parts of the assignment must be based on peer-reviewed scholarly sources, Biblical literature, and course texts.
· There should be at least one instance of Biblical integration (at least one scripture reference) within the body of the paper, not in the abstract, introduction, or conclusion.
· In-text citations are required to support your (a) statements, (b) points, (c) assertions, (d) issues, (e) arguments, (f) concerns, (g) paragraph topic sentences, and (h) statements of fact and opinion. Refer to Section 8.1, Appropriate Level of Citation on pages 253 and 254 in the APA Manual (7th ed.).
· Do not provide any personal opinions.
· Since the assignment is short in word count, the introduction and conclusion sections should not be longer than ½ page each.
· M – Main topic using peer-reviewed scholarly sources.
· E – Evidence to support the main topic using peer-reviewed scholarly sources.
· A – Analysis (e.g., for and against) of the evidence using peer-reviewed scholarly sources.
· L – Lead back to the main topic or to the main topic in the next paragraph using peer-reviewed scholarly sources.
· Avoid (a) clichés, (b) slang, (c) jargon, (d) exaggerations, (e) abbreviations, (f) figurative language, and (g) language that is too informal and too subjective.
· Submit your final document for grading with file name syntax: LastNameFirstInitial Assignment Name #. For example: SmithJ_Assignment Name.doc (no .pdfs)
Grading Metrics
Consult the accompanying rubric for how this assignment will be graded. Also, any form of plagiarism, including copying and pasting, will result in zero points for the entire assignment. All quoted materials must be properly cited in the current APA format.
Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via Turnitin plagiarism tool.
Page 1 of 1
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Literature Review Fusion and Examining
Your Name
School of Business, Liberty University
Author Note
By submitting this assignment, I attest this submission represents my own work, and not that of another student, scholar, or internet source. I understand I am responsible for knowing and correctly utilizing referencing and bibliographical guidelines. I have not submitted this work for any other class.
Provide an introductory paragraph to the paper (Biblical Integration is included somewhere in the main body (not the abstract, introduction, or conclusion)).
Remove all guidance verbiage in this document (i.e., do not repeat the instructions prompt). Add/adjust sub-headings if required; otherwise, keep all other headings.
Describe how one goes about building a theory from the researched data
Constant Comparison
Discuss how Constant Comparison permeates your literature synthesis and analysis
Developing an Argument
Explain ‘developing an argument’ and how it is different from an empirical research project
Thick Description
As opposed to mutual exclusion, discuss how ‘Thick Description’ is a result of better integration of analysis and synthesis
Conclusion
Provide a concluding/summarizing paragraph to the paper highlighting key information (i.e., main L1 topics) (do not begin this section with ‘In conclusion…’ – your paper’s heading already says that).
Format references using the current APA style. Ensure all DOIs or journal URLs are active hyperlinks. (Note the hanging indent)
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PowerPoint 9 Synthesising: storyline and theory
Chapter 9 from
How to do your literature review
This is PowerPoint 9 for Chapter 9 …
We will look at
The importance of narrative to constructing a good literature review
The importance of using words that connect different ideas in a narrative
The nature of theory and its significance in writing up a literature review
All of this is discussed in much more detail in Chapter 9 of How to Do Your Literature Review
All reviews need narrative
Narrative – in other words, providing a coherent account that makes sense – is an essential ingredient in any literature review, whatever its type.
A narrative is not a list. It is more than that: it’s an account of linked findings, events and characters and the strands of interconnection between and among them.
Bruner’s elements of narrative
Bruner’s label
What Bruner meant (without the jargon)
Composability
How does it all fit together? What appears to depend on what? What contradicts? Where are there paradoxes?
Diachronicity
‘Diachronic’ means changing over time. So, narrative diachronicity means ‘a story that changes over time’.
Intentional state entailment
Bruner notes that we should observe not just what people do (ie in our case, researchers and writers), but what they think and feel. It is their beliefs, intentions, hopes, desires and values that are important.
Breaching the canon
The ‘canon’ is the usual state of affairs, and by breaching it, Bruner means asking ‘What if?’
Context sensitivity and negotiability
Interpretation of a text is embedded in the inquirer’s (in other words, the reader’s) own experiences.
All of these can be thought about when constructing a discussion and writing up
Connecting ideas
Do authors concentrate on a particular theme?
Do they disagree?
Are there areas of controversy?
Are there surprising areas of agreement or similar findings?
Are there gaps that no one seems to be looking at?
Use words that connect ideas
When there is a difference
When there is agreement
When one idea leads to another
however; but; notwithstanding this; although; yet; conversely; in spite of this; nevertheless; on the other hand; despite; then again; besides
moreover; indeed; further; furthermore; additionally; likewise; also; similarly; equally; and; what is more; again
hence; because of this; thus; for example; as a result; consequently; therefore; accordingly; so; for this reason; this is why; otherwise; then; finally
Connecting words to use in different chapters
Place in the review
Purpose
Typical words and phrases
Introduction
Tell the reader what you are trying to do
explore, investigate, examine, illuminate, look at, research into
Main body
Questions and arguments: your own and others’
ask, posit, argue, aver, suggest, assume, put forward, note, highlight, draw attention to, believe, assess
Theory tries to distil a range of specific findings or observations into general propositions that explain these findings.
The ‘thinking side’ of practice
Especially in the applied side of the social sciences (such as teaching, nursing and social work), theory or ‘theorising’ means thinking and reflecting on practice.
A developing body of explanation
This is often the meaning used in published literature reviews. Here theory means the broadening bodies of knowledge developing in particular field.
A thinking tool
Here, theory is seen as a way of helping to explain something that you are currently researching. It is created with the goal of explaining or illuminating a particular phenomenon.
Theory is about
seeing links;
generalising;
abstracting ideas from your data (i.e. from the sources you have identified) and offering explanations;
connecting your own thoughts with those of others;
having insights.
Summary
‘Storyness’ is central to any kind of literature review.
That storyness is about connection between one part and another.
To have integrity and meaning, the parts of a literature review – the words, sentences, paragraphs and sections – have to connect with each other: they have to tell a story, to offer a narrative.
There are various ways that narrative is constructed to be meaningful. All are in some way about connecting ideas.
One of the features of a literature review that gives it coherence is theory.
‘Theory’ has different meanings in academic literature, but the essence of the idea is that links are being sought and made, explanations offered and connections drawn between different pieces of work.
Drawing out theory enables insights to be made and explanations to be offered about a topic.
Activity
Using connecting words and phrases, try to convert the following passage from a list to a narrative.
Brown (2022) found that most nurses believed that nursing research is important for advancing clinical care. Patel (2021) found that few nurses applied research findings to practice. Jones (2022) discovered that most nurses felt that understanding research was important to developing clinical practice. Smith (2023) found that there were no differences attributable to educational background to account for the importance assigned by nurses to keeping up with research.
All of this is discussed in much more detail in Chapter 10 of How to Do Your Literature Review
The conclusion
The Conclusion is a reflection – a self-critical reflection – on your work.
It is not principally a summary.
The Abstract is the place for the summary.
What should be in a conclusion?
Summarise the main findings briefly.
Relate back to the introduction, where you set out the purpose of your literature review.
Chart the progress of any change in your questions as the project has progressed.
Acknowledge your literature review’s limitations.
Outline any recommendations.
Outline points for further review or research.
The structure of a write-up
Introduction
Methods i.e. your methods: scoping, searching, structuring. Methods used for synthesis (if any) such as grounded theory
Body chapters (in a freestanding review) or Headings (in a review that is contributing to a wider research project), including discussion of methods used by researchers
Conclusion
probably around 5% of the total wordage
around 10% of total wordage
around 80% of total wordage
probably around 5% of the total wordage
The structure of a write-up
An example of a literature review write-up based on house price inflation …
Chapter headings
Subheadings
Secondary subheadings
Introduction
Including prima facie research question
Methods used in the review
Keywords, databases and AI tools used. Changes made to the prima facie research question after brainstorming and/or mindmapping. Possible structures for the study (thematic, funnelled, chronological, comparison-based, mixed).
Mixed was chosen – reasons why
Main substantive chapters
Causes
Supply and demand factors Interest rates General levels of income Speculation
Population growth; smaller households
Consequences
Wealth inequality Financial instability from excess borrowing
Intergenerational unfairness Non-affordability of housing for lower incomes
Methodology adopted by researchers across the topic
Different data sources and what they can tell us Forms of research
Sales records; demographic data Econometric models; time series analysis; qualitative research
Conclusion
The structure of a write-up
Proportions of words in the write-up example
Introduction Methods used in the review Causes of house price inflation Consequences Policy implications Methodology adopted by researchers Conclusion 5 10 20 20 20 20 5
Writing
Writing is about communicating; it is not about trying to sound clever
Remember the reader
Hear it in your head
George Orwell’s advice:
Never use a long word where a short one will do.
If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.
Never use the passive where you can use the active.
Flow and transitioning when writing
Flow is really important to the meaningfulness of writing. It’s important in showing that you understand how ideas are connected. Help your writing flow with transitioning words.
Transitioning words and phrases
Function
Transitioning words and phrases
Adding
again, also, and, another, as a result, as well as, at the same time, both, further, furthermore, in addition, in the same way, likewise, moreover, not only but also, similarly, too
Contrasting
although, at least, but, even though, in spite of, of course, still, contrarily, conversely, however, by contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, nor, notwithstanding this, on one hand- on the other hand, on the contrary, or, rather, whereas, while, yet
Detailing
in fact, in other words, especially, including, in particular, namely, specifically, to enumerate
Exemplifying
for example, for instance, in other words, to illustrate
Likening
analogous to, likewise, similarly
Resulting
accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, due to, for this reason, hence, resultingly, since, so, then, therefore, thus
Stressing
above all, again, also, certainly, indeed, in fact, of course, surely
Choose two topics from this week's review (posted below).
Answer ONE review topic PER post
You will need TWO posts, so you will outline TWO review topics in total.3) Start each post with the topic number that you are answering. For example: Topic 1. This will help students readily identify which topics remain unanswered.
