Regarding consequences
Read the documents (PDF files) and answer the all the questions.
Explain the significance of special obligations and role-based morality for military service
Related to military service.
Use the entire moral deliberation road map to make a decision in the case provided. Per Diem By Michael Skerker You have been friends with ET1 Grace Kim since A school. You’ve only grown closer this last year serving together at Pearl Harbor. You wearily climb off a jet with her early Saturday morning after a punishing week of work in Japan. You were there to work on a DDG’s fire control system. Grace looks at you and shakes her head in disgust. “You realize they go eight days of work from us and are going to give us per diems for four and a half?” “What do you mean?” “Well, we left at 0100 Monday morning, right? Flew through the night and then went right into a briefing as soon as we go to Japan. Worked all day Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and then were wheels up in 1800 on Friday. We worked, what, 14-hour days Monday through Thursday and then a full day Friday? That’s at least 64-hours, but they are only going to comp us per diem for three whole days.” You look at her and think math nerd. Grace continues by saying. “They are going to consider Monday and Friday travel days, even though we worked those entire days as well. So, we will get three whole days and two days at 75% of per diem, since Monday and Friday are considered travel days. That adds up to 4.5 days.” “Yeah, well, look, we’re not working factory jobs where you punch out at 17:00, right? You work until the job’s done…It will even out eventually. Sometimes we get per diem even though the hotel had a free breakfast, or we only had to travel two hours…Go home and get some rest.” Grace puckers her face like she bit into a lemon. “No, F&S@ that. Look, I’m not looking for a handout; I just want what’s just. You know my husband Sam works two jobs. I drive a damned Uber on Saturdays. I’m putting in for five whole days on my expense form. The per diem for Japan is real money. That extra $300 means three weeks of Zylexoprol for Maeve.” (Grace’s daughter, Maeve, has a rare medical condition. You know that Tricare only pays for part of treatment since one of the recommended drugs is considered experimental. Grace and Sam nearly kill themselves to make up the difference.) “Um…” Grace roughly grabs her backpack and slings it over her shoulder. “So, you need to put down five days on your travel claim, too, OK? The comptroller is probably going to get both of our forms at the same time. It would look bad if I have five full days and you only have three.” What would you do and why?
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Orders to HMS Alacrity
The article was originally printed in the book, One Hundred Days: The Memoirs of the Falklands Battle Group Commander. A copy of the original article is included below. To increase readability, the article has been transcribed below. Article Page 1 Orders to HMS Alacrity By Patrick Robinson and Sandy Woodward Authors
Background HMS Alacrity was a 3,000-ton Type 21 frigate in the Royal Navy. She served as part of the British taskforce sent to the South Atlantic to retake the Falkland Islands after the Argentine invasion of those islands in 1982 (see Case 4.6). The Falklands consist of two main islands, Easy Falkland and West Falkland, and over seven hundred smaller islands. The two main islands are separated by a large strait, known as Falkland Sound. To retake the islands the British needed to find a suitable site for an amphibious landing. The best possible site was at Carlos Water, in Falkland Sound on the western side of East Falkland. However, since an Argentine ship had been observed laying mines in the approaches to the main harbor at Port Stanley, the island’s capital, the taskforce commander, Rear Admiral Sandy Woodward, was concerned about the possibility that the Argentines might also have mined the northern end of Falkland sound, and indeed the southern end as well. The particular problem for him in this case that none of the ships in the taskforce was equipped for minesweeping, so the only way to find out if there were any mines in Falkland Sound was to “search” for them with the hull of a ship. Since large mines of this type would almost inevitably sink any ship that ran into them, the mission would have to be given to an “expendable” ship, like HMS Alacrity. When writing about the situation, Admiral Woodward states that he didn’t like the idea of telling Commander Christopher Craig, the captain of the Alacrity, to go and try to get himself blown up by a mine, but he also couldn’t afford to ignore the possibility of mines that might sink one or more of the amphibious landing vessels filled with troops as they approached the landing beaches.
In his book, Woodward described the situation in the following manner: I phoned Commander Craig on the voice-encrypted network and said, “Er…Christopher, I would like you to do a circumnavigation of East Falkland tonight. All the way around to the south, then north up Falkland Sound and out past Fanning Head to rendezvous with Arrow.” I also told him to come up the Sound very noisily, exploding a few star-shells and generally frightening the life out of the Args. I added, “If you see anything move, sink it, but be out of there and home by dawn, so you’re clear of the land before they can fly.” He was silent for a few moments and then said, “Umm, I expect you would like me to go in and out of the north entrance a few times, Admiral. Do a bit of zip- zagging.” “Oh,” I said, feigning surprise and feeling about two inches high. “Why do you ask that?” “I expect you would like me to find out whether there are my mines there,” he said quietly. I cannot remember what I said. But I remember how I felt. I think just mentioned that I thought would be quite useful. He replied, with immense dignity, “Very well, sir.” Then he went off to prepare for the possible loss of his ship and people the best way he could. I shall remember him as one of the bravest men I ever met. This was Victoria Cross material but, strangely, only if it went wrong. I personally felt awful not to have had the guts to be honest with him and wondered what the devil he was going to tell his ship’s company about their task tonight and about my pitiful performance, which, for a sea-going admiral to one of his commanders, beggared description. SOURCE: From Admiral Sandy Woodward (with Patrick Robinson), One Hundred Days: The Memoirs of the Falkland SOURCE: From Admiral Sandy Woodward (with Patrick Robinson), One Hundred Days: The Memoirs of the Falkland Battle Group Commander (Annapolis, MD; Naval Institute Press, 1992), p. 203.
—– Original Excerpt Appears After This Page —–
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Role Morality, Special Obligations and Private Values and Conscience
As we have discussed so far there is a range of ways to approach any ethical problem
and often a number of conceptualizations and approaches are needed to be able to understand
what morality requires of us. The rules and approaches we have discussed so far all have one
thing in common: they apply to any person in the same circumstances– anyone similarly
situated has similar moral duties. Constraint and consequentialism reasons apply to all people in
similar circumstances. For example, if there is a child drowning in a river anyone that can swim
and is close by and is unlikely to drown has an equally strong moral duty to jump into the water
and save that child. By saying it is an equally strong duty we mean to say that the fact that a
child’s life has moral worth gives anybody who can save that child (without incurring too great a
risk) a strong reason to act (by jumping into the river). Some people, however, might have
stronger reasons to jump in and save the child than others. A mother of the drowning child will
not only want to (out of love) jump in, she also has, in virtue of being a parent, a strong moral
obligation to jump in. In fact, even if the river is awfully fast and she might break a leg jumping
in or worse – a mother has a duty to jump in and to try to save her child. We might not say the
same about just any passer-by. Ordinary bystanders have a strong moral duty to jump in if the
risk to them is small, but as the risk to them grows, the moral obligation weakens. Certainly, it’d
be nice if they jumped in and tried to save the child even if it is risky, but we don’t commonly
think that they do something terribly wrong if they don’t risk their lives to save the child.
Like the mother, although for different reasons, a lifeguard also has stronger moral
reasons to jump in than a bystander. When we say that person A has stronger moral reasons to
perform some action X than person B, we mean that:
a) it would be more wrong for person A to fail to do X, and that
b) it is harder for countervailing considerations to override person A’s duty to do X.
So when we say that a mother or a lifeguard have a stronger moral duty to jump in, we mean to
say that if they did not jump in to save the child they would be doing something more wrong
than the ordinary passer-by and we mean to say that they, as a matter of morality, ought to be
willing to risk more to save the child (a broken leg or worse) than an ordinary passer-by.
So how come some people (lifeguards for example) have a stronger moral duty to save
the drowning child? That is usually the case for two reasons:
a) they have made a promise or signed a contract or otherwise taken up a role of a
lifeguard giving them extra moral reasons to dive in and save the child, and/or
b) they have (partly because of the role they have taken up) extra training and thus a
smaller chance of drowning and greater chance of succeeding than others similarly
situated.
The first reason (a) is what grounds special obligations. Simply put, special roles come with
special obligations. Parents have extra moral obligations towards their children, teachers to
students, mayors to their citizens, lawyers to their clients, and soldiers to the Constitution and
their country.
Thus, in addition to constraints and consequences there are further tools one might use
to figure out what morality requires of them. Special obligations are obligations we owe to
some people (or institutions) in virtue of a special relationship we have with those people or
institutions. I don’t have moral reasons to help just anyone move furniture, and I do no wrong
by not helping Joe Schmoe move his piano, but I probably have some moral reasons to help a
friend or my parents move.
Many special obligations arise out of commitments we undertake voluntarily and roles
we assume voluntarily. Doctors have special obligations to patients (partly instantiated by the
oath they take), lawyers to their clients, employees to their companies, etc. The contents of
those obligations are often called ‘role morality’. The term role morality refers to obligations
associated with occupying a particular role. When I occupy a role of a lawyer, for example, I owe
confidentiality to my client that I otherwise wouldn’t. In fact, even if what my client has done is
particularly bad and even if otherwise the right thing to do would be to tell the police what they
have done – the moral reasons I have grounded in my role as their lawyer prevent me from
doing what would otherwise be required of me- namely reporting the evidence of a crime. It is
important to note that role morality is not simply a set of rules or laws or regulations that apply
to a particular person in a particular role- very often the morality that is associated with the role
is more informal, and it is honor or character based. More will be said about the role of
character and military virtues in the next module. As we have seen so far, roles like friend,
mother, lifeguard, lawyer, and others create extra moral reasons to act one way or another.
Sometimes these extra moral reasons support what we otherwise ought to do anyway (like
lifeguard having extra and stronger moral reasons to save a drowning child), other times these
moral reasons are countervailing (like lawyer’s reasons to report evidence of a crime being
beaten out by reasons of commitment to client). In other words, special moral obligations that
arise out of particular roles sometimes strengthen moral reasons to perform some action and
other times countermand or quash those reasons.
One final clarification ought to be made about special obligations. Special obligations
and role morality are not subjective, they don’t depend on one’s personal beliefs and values. In
other words, special obligations and role-based morality are different from and separate from
so-called private morality- the sorts of things one holds dear- like their religious beliefs. Special
obligations and role-based obligations in fact might often override private morality.
PROBLEMS:
The existence of special obligations is commonsensical- we all recognize that having special
roles gives rise to special obligations and role morality (special morality that applies just to
those people who are in that role). But the existence of role morality and special obligations
does also give rise to a number of problems.
Problem 1: Voluntarism
As we have seen many if not most special obligations arise out of relationships we enter
voluntarily- being a teacher, a soldier, a medic, or even a parent. But there are also special
obligations (some might think) that arise out of roles we do not enter voluntarily: being a
member of a family, or being a citizen of a country. Commonly we think we owe some duties to
our family members we don’t owe others- care-giving, advice-giving, lending money, etc.
Commonly we also often think we owe more to our fellow citizens than to others (at a minimum
support of public institutions). So one common problem for special obligations is figuring out
how come we can have special obligations arising out of roles we didn’t choose and how does
that fact work with the intuition that other special obligations we have exactly because we
chose them – soldier’s special obligations in virtue of being a soldier.
Problem 2: Conflicting obligations
2a: In cases like the above lawyer case it seems like special role-based morality can give us an
excuse or even a justification to do something that would otherwise be wrong and immoral.
How do we know when and to what extent can our special role-based morality beat out
ordinary moral considerations? Soldiers have a special moral obligation to do otherwise
impermissible things like kill people, including at times (unintentionally, but foreseeably- i.e.
collaterally) civilians. And yet similarly, we know that, just because a soldier is ordered to, he
cannot target a civilian. If we know that reasons that apply to all people like constraints and
consequences already discussed give us strong reasons to not do something harmful, how much
can a special role or special obligation change that moral math?
2b: Another way to problematize the moral math by addition of special obligations is to
consider what one ought to do in cases such as the following: Imagine a case where a friend
must decide whether to save her friend or 3 other people they do not know. In ordinary
circumstances if a person could save either 1 drowning person or 3, consequence analysis tells
us we ought to save 3, but friend’s special obligations might change that. What if it was a
mother choosing between her own child and 100 other children? How weighty are special
obligations?
Problem 3: Persons or institutions?
We are familiar with the idea that we owe duties to other people, but can we owe them to
institutions and what does that mean? This issue becomes particularly important when we think
that an employee owes a duty to her company, a citizen to their country, and a soldier to the
Constitution. What does it mean to owe a duty to an institution? Does it simply mean you owe
it to the people of that institution- do soldiers simply owe a duty to their fellow citizens or is
there something more to saying that soldiers owe a duty to the Constitution?
Scenario
After an evaluation of its current financial status and an assessment of future industry trends, the governing board for Metropolitan Memorial has approved its CEO’s request to expand operations into the rural areas of the state. Many of the rural residents rely upon Medicare and Medicaid for the financing of their healthcare needs. The hospital will offer satellite services including primary care, urgent care, telehealth, and emergent care services. The hospital is embracing the concept of value-based care given the economic make-up of the population within the rural community. Value-based care focuses on advancing the triple aim strategy of providing better care for individuals, improving population health management initiatives, and reducing overall health costs.
Instructions
The CEO has asked you to create a PowerPoint presentation (using speaker notes for each slide – do not overpower slide, use speaker notes for details and information) outlining the revenue cycle management process.
Your presentation should include a discussion on value-based care models as introduced by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), such as ACOs and the Medicare Shared Savings Program. (at least 2 or more examples)
In addition, based on the research you’ve done, you will need to include a recommendation for a possible strategy to strengthen the organization’s financial operations in preparation for the transition from FFS (fee-for-service) to VBC (value-based care). (at least 2 or more examples)
HSA5400 – Deliverable #5
What am I creating? PPT Presentation
What needs to be included? Speaker notes OR Voiceover OR both – (Take NOTE: using speaker notes for each slide)
What content are we adding?
1. Outlining the RCM (Revenue Cycle Management) process
a. Include: Value-Based Care Models Definition per CMS
i. Include in the VBC discussion: ACO’s and Medicare Shared Savings Program
2. Conclude with a Recommendation that offers a STRATEGY to strengthen financial operations as we switch from FFS (fee-for-service) to VBC
Criteria #1: Clear and thorough discussion of value-based care models as introduced by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
Criteria #2: Comprehensive recommendation for a possible strategy to strengthen the organization’s financial operations in preparation for the transition to value-based care. Includes multiple examples or supporting details .
Criteria #3: Presentation included comprehensive speaker notes ((Take NOTE: using speaker notes for each slide) or narration.
Additional Resources:
RCM:
AAPC – What Is Revenue Cycle Management (RCM)?
TechTarget – revenue cycle management (RCM)
Revenue Cloud
VBC Models:
Value-Based Care
What are the value-based programs?
Value-Based Care Spotlight
Basics of Value-Based Care
ACO’s
Accountable Care and Accountable Care Organizations (CMS)
Medicare Shared Savings Program
Shared Savings Program
Shared Savings Program (About the program) CMS
Strategy for implementing VBC
Five Strategies for Success When Implementing Value-Based Care
Preparing the Healthcare Revenue Cycle for Value-Based Care
Defining and Implementing Value-Based Health Care: A Strategic Framework
Value-based care: 4 tips to manage the switch
Understanding the Work of the IT Governance Board
Post your initial response of at least 150 words
The work of the company's governance boards and committees is extremely important since these groups plan, design, negotiate, implement and provide oversight for the processes, policies, procedures, and other mechanisms used to guide, monitor, control, and assess the operations of the company. Each board is comprised of executives who each represent their functional areas or a group of internal stakeholders. Usually, there is a chair position that rotates among the members. If you would like to learn more about corporate governance in general, Deloitte's report Developing an effective governance operating model: A guide for financial services boards and management teams provides a brief but comprehensive overview (see https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Financial-Services/dttl-fsi-US-FSI-Developinganeffectivegovernance-031913.pdf). You may also find this article What is a management system?, from the International Standards Organization, helpful as it explains what a management system is and why standards are needed to define repeatable steps that organizations can use to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of their management activities.
The next meeting of the IT Governance board will include a set of orientation briefings for the new members. If you had to make a recommendation to the IT Governance board for standards that should be followed as it relates to cybersecurity in an organization, what would that standard be? For example, the following IT management / IT security management frameworks, standards, and models.
- COBIT
- ITIL
- ISO 27001 (ISMS Program Management)
- NIST Cybersecurity Framework
- NIST Security and Privacy Controls (NIST SP 800-53)
- NIST Risk Management Framework (NIST SP 800-37)
Cite your sources as appropriate.
Part 2
Research report 1
Instructions are in the attach document
Research Report #1: Data Breach Incident Analysis and Report
Scenario
Padgett-Beale Inc.’s (PBI) insurance company, CyberOne Business and Casualty Insurance Ltd, sent an audit team to review the company’s security policies, processes, and plans. The auditors found that the majority of PBI’s operating units did not have specific plans in place to address data breaches and, in general, the company was deemed “not ready” to effectively prevent and/or respond to a major data breach. The insurance company has indicated that it will not renew PBI’s cyber insurance policy if PBI does not address this deficiency by putting an effective data breach response policy and plan in place. PBI’s executive leadership team has established an internal task force to address these problems and close the gaps because they know that the company cannot afford to have its cyber insurance policy cancelled.
Unfortunately, due to the sensitivity of the issues, no management interns will be allowed to shadow the task force members as they work on this high priority initiative. The Chief of Staff (CoS), however, is not one to let a good learning opportunity go to waste … especially for the management interns. Your assignment from the CoS is to review a set of news articles, legal opinions, and court documents for multiple data breaches that affected a competitor, Marriott International (Starwood Hotels division). After you have done so, the CoS has asked that you write a research report that can be shared with middle managers and senior staff to help them understand the problems and issues arising from legal actions taken against Marriott International in response to this data breach in one of its subsidiaries (Starwood Hotels).
Research
1. Read / Review the readings for Weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4.
2. Research the types of insurance coverage that apply to data breaches. Pay attention to the security measures required by the insurance companies before they will grant coverage (“underwriting requirements”) and provisions for technical support from the insurer in the event of a breach. Here are three resources to help you get started.
a. Woodruff Sawyer- Guide to Cyber Liability Insurance
b. Prepare Your Business with Cyber Insurance Coverage and Solutions
c. Woodruff Sawyer- Cyber 101: Understand the Basics of Cyber Liability Insurance
3. Read / Review at least 3 of the following documents about the Marriott International / Starwood Hotels data breach and liability lawsuits.
a. Marriott Starwood Data Breach Highlights Silent Cyber Risk in Acquisitions
b. Marriott Hotels fined £18.4m for data breach that hit millions
c. Marriott First Response Letter
d. What every hotel owner (and operator) needs to know about “data security” after the Wyndham Worldwide case
e. The Marriott data breach
f. Marriott International Update on Starwood Reservation Database Security Incident
4. Find and review at least 2 additional resources on your own that provide information about data breaches and/or best practices for preventing and responding to such incidents.
Write
Write a 4-5 page report using your research. At a minimum, your report must include the following:
1. An introduction or overview of the problem (cyber insurance company’s audit findings regarding the company’s lack of readiness to respond to data breaches). This introduction should be suitable for an executive audience and should explain what cyber insurance is and why the company needs it.
2. An analysis section in which you discuss the following:
a. Specific types of data involved in the Starwood Hotels data breaches and the harm
b. Findings by government agencies / courts regarding actions Starwood Hotels / Marriott International should have taken
c. Findings by government agencies / courts regarding liability and penalties (fines) assessed against Marriott International.
3. A review of best practices which includes 8 or more specific recommendations that should be implemented as part of Padgett-Beale’s updated data breach response policy and plans. Your review should identify and discuss at least 2 best practices for each of the following areas: people, processes, policies, and technologies. Be sure to describe the difference between processes and policies.
4. A closing section (summary) in which you summarize the issues and your recommendations for policies, processes, and/or technologies that Padgett-Beale, Inc. should implement.
Submit for Grading
Submit your research paper in MS Word format (.docx or .doc file) using the Research Report #1 Assignment in your assignment folder. (Attach your file to the assignment entry.)
Additional Information
1. To save you time, a set of appropriate resources / reference materials has been included as part of this assignment. You must incorporate at least five of these resources into your final deliverable. You must also include 2 resources that you found on your own.
2. Your research report should be professional in appearance with consistent use of fonts, font sizes, margins, etc. You should use headings to organize your paper.
Take Note
The CSIA program recommends that you follow standard APA formatting since this will give you a document that meets the “professional appearance” requirements. APA formatting guidelines and examples are found under Course Resources > APA Resources. An APA template file (MS Word format) has also been provided for your use.
3. You are expected to write grammatically correct English in every assignment that you submit for grading. Do not turn in any work without (a) using spell check, (b) using grammar check, (c) verifying that your punctuation is correct and (d) reviewing your work for correct word usage and correctly structured sentences and paragraphs.
4. You are expected to credit your sources using in-text citations and reference list entries. Both your citations and your reference list entries must follow a consistent citation style (APA, MLA, etc.).
