I have attached the 4 questions; the only requirement is that each answer is at least 200 words and at least 2 cited resources. If you need me to give you more information, please let me know. In a couple of the questions, there are sub questions with that, those dont have to be 200 words, it just has to be a total of 200 words per question.
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A P P E N D I X A
Roles and Education of Common Healthcare Professions and Related Careers
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Audiology
Role Audiologists assess, treat, and rehabilitate hearing, balance, and related disorders (ASHA, n.d.c).
Education An undergraduate degree, usually in communication sciences and disorders, is required for admission to an audiology doctoral program.
Audiologist education includes academic coursework and a minimum of 1820 hours of clinical practicum experience supervised by a certified audiologist.
It generally takes 4 years to earn a practice Doctorate in Audiology (AuD) degree (BLS, 2015; ASHA, n.d.d). Programs that offer a PhD have a research component and usually take 6 years postbaccalaureate degree.
Additional Resources
American Board of Audiology (ABA). (n.d.). Board certified in audiology. Retrieved from: http://www.boardofaudiology.org/board-certified-in-audiology/
Related Careers
Audiology Assistant
Performs tasks delegated by and under the supervision of a licensed audiologist. Duties include cleaning and preparing equipment and working with hearing aids. Education is usually on-the-job training. Occupational Hearing Conservationist (OHC)
OHCs “provide training, consultation, audiometric testing and hearing protection fitting in occupational settings such as manufacturing plants, mobile health testing vans, occupational health clinics and other facilities with exposure to high noise levels.”
Successful completion of a 20-hour course is required (CAOHC, 2015).
Dentistry
Role Dentists “diagnose and treat diseases, injuries and malformations of the teeth and mouth; improve a patient's appearance; perform surgical procedures such as implants, tissue grafts and extractions; educate patients on how to better care for their teeth and prevent oral disease; teach future dentists and dental hygienists; and perform research directed to improving oral health and developing new treatment methods” (ADA, n.d., para 2).
Dentists diagnose and treat problems with “teeth, gums, and related parts of the mouth; provide advice and instruction on taking care of the teeth and gums and on diet choices that affect oral health” (BLS, 2015).
There are nine recognized dental specialty areas (ADA, n.d.).
Education Applicants must take the Dental Admissions Test (DAT) at least a year before applying to dental school. A minimum of 4 years of postbaccalaureate education results in either a Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of
Dental Medicine (DMD) degree. All dental education includes an extensive clinical component along with classroom instruction; some schools require a 1-
to 2-year clinical residency. Specialization requires additional education and clinical experience.
Additional Resources
American Dental Association (ADA). (2015). State licensure for US dentists. Retrieved from: http://www.ada.org/en/education- careers/licensure/state-dental-licensure-for-us-dentists
American Dental Association (ADA). (n.d). What can a career in dentistry offer you? Retrieved from: http://www.ada.org/~/media/ADA/Education%20and%20Careers/Files/01_caries_in_primary_dentition- caufield_b/dentistry_fact.ashx
American Dental Hygiene Association (ADHA). (n.d.). Education and careers. Retrieved from: http://www.adha.org/professional-roles
Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA). (2015). Program options and descriptions. Retrieved from: http://www.ada.org/en/coda/find-a-program/program-options-and-descriptions
Dental Assistant National Board (DANB). (2016). Exam & certification FAQ's. Retrieved from: http://www.danb.org/en/Become-Certified/Exam-and-Certification-FAQs.aspx
Related Careers
Dental Hygienist
These professionals “diagnose, plan, implement, evaluate and document treatment for prevention, intervention and control of oral diseases, while practicing in collaboration with other health professionals” (ADHA, n.d., para 3).
Minimum education is an associate's degree from a Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) accredited program (CODA, 2015).
Some entry-level programs lead to a bachelor's degree. Degree advancement programs award bachelor's or master's degrees in dental hygiene. Dental Assistant
Assists dentists, takes dental radiographs, sterilizes and prepares dental instruments and equipment, and communicates instructions to patients.
Educational requirements vary by state, with some requiring an associate's degree from a CODA-accredited program and others accepting on-the-job training.
Some states require credential verification by passing one of several Dental Assistant National Board (DANB) certification examinations (DANB, 2016).
Diagnostic Medical Sonographer, Cardiovascular Technician, Vascular Technologist
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Role Operates equipment that creates images or conducts tests used by providers in the diagnosis of medical conditions. Some may assist in surgical procedures by providing imaging (BLS, 2015).
Education To prepare for a sonography program, high school students should take mathematics, anatomy and physiology, and physics (BLS, 2015).
Most require an associate's degree education with specific training and clinical experience, but some 1-year certificate programs exist.
Bachelor's degree programs are available.
Additional Resources
American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS). (2015). Examinations and certifications. Retrieved from: http://www.ardms.org/Discover-ARDMS/examinations-and-certifications/Pages/default.aspx
Medicine
Role To diagnose and treat injuries or illnesses. Physicians: Examine patients; take medical histories; prescribe medications; order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests;
counsel patients on diet, hygiene, and preventive health care. Surgeons: Operate on patients to treat injuries, such as broken bones; diseases, such as cancerous tumors; and
deformities, such as cleft palates (BLS, 2015). There are 120 medical specialties and subspecialties (AAMC, 2015a).
Education Medical degree, internship, and residency Medical school applicants must take the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) and undergo an interview process and
criminal background check (AACOM, 2015). The Medical Doctor (MD) degree is awarded after successful completion of 4 years of medical school and the Doctor of
Osteopathy (DO) degree is awarded by schools of Osteopathic Medicine. After earning the MD or DO degree, additional schooling is required before a physician is able to practice independently: 3
to 5 years of internship and residency, and 1 to 3 additional years of fellowship, depending on the medical specialty (AMA, 2015; AACOM, 2015).
Additional Resources
American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM). (2015). Osteopathic medical education information book 2016. Chevy Chase, MD: Author.
American Medical Association (AMA). (2015). Program options and descriptions. Retrieved from: http://www.ama- assn.org/ama/pub/education-careers/becoming-physician/medical-licensure/state-medical-boards.page
Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). (n.d). Using MCAT data in medical student selection. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from: https://aamc-orange.global.ssl.fastly.net/production/media/filer_public/7c/fb/7cfb5f43-f9cd-4a5a- bdad-36e735b5844a/mcatstudentselectionguide.pdf
Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). (2015a). Careers in Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.aamc.org/cim/specialty/list/us/
Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). (2015b). The official guide to medical school admissions (2015 edition). Washington, DC: Author.
United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). (2015). Retrieved from: http://www.usmle.org/
Nursing-Professional (RN)
Role Nursing is “the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations” (ANA, 2015).
Nurses provide and coordinate care, educate patients and the public about health, and provide emotional support to patients and their family members (BLS, 2015).
Education In the United States, there are three educational pathways to becoming a registered nurse (RN). All require a high school diploma or equivalent to apply.
The most common pathway is the associate's degree program, which consists of 2 to 3 years of education at a community college that grants an associate's degree in nursing (ADN).
RN to BSN Completion Programs exist through which ADN nurses can complete their BSN degree in 1 to 3 years. The 4-year Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree (BSN) is preferred by most employers and is required for entry into
master's and doctoral programs in nursing. Accelerated or second-degree programs are available for students who have completed a bachelor's degree in another
discipline and prerequisite physical and social science courses. The least common path to becoming a registered nurse is through a diploma program. Nursing skills are taught, but
college credit is generally not received. Globally, the BSN degree is the most common educational preparation for nurses. There are many specialties in nursing, all of which require certification by a specific specialty organization or the American
Nurses Credentialing Center (AACN) (ANA, 2015).
Additional Resources
Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN). (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.acenursing.org/mission- purpose-goals/
Related Careers
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurse (LPN and LVN)
Provide basic nursing care under the supervision of an RN or physician. Requires state licensure.
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They receive training in nondegree vocational programs that take 1 to 2 years to build understanding of responsibilities tailored to individual patients (McNaughton et al., 2013).
Assistant and Certified Home Health Aide
Under the supervision of an RN, they provide basic care in healthcare facilities or homes. These occupations require training in state-approved training programs that take several weeks and do not involve college
education (BLS, 2015).
Nursing–Advanced Practice (APN)
Role There are four types of advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs): nurse practitioner (NP), certified nurse midwife (CNM), certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA), and clinical nurse specialist.
APRNs work independently or in collaboration with physicians. They prescribe medications, order medical tests, and diagnose health problems (BLS, 2015). They provide primary and preventive care or may specialize in the care of specific populations or in the treatment of
certain diseases. CRNAs administer anesthesia and are responsible for anesthesia-related care before, during, and after a variety of
procedures, including surgery. CNMs specialize in the care of women, focusing on gynecological care, family planning, care during and after pregnancy,
and labor (BLS, 2015). CNSs are expert clinicians in a specialty area of nursing practice related to a population, setting, disease, or medical
subspecialty, type of care, or type of problem (NACNS, 2015). The terminal practice degree is the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), and the terminal research degree in the discipline of
nursing is the PhD.
Education All APRNs require a minimum of a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) or a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree. The DNP is a practice doctorate that may eventually replace the MSN degree for clinical APRNs. Programs exist for students to earn the BSN through MSN or DNP. A BSN and a valid RN license are required to apply for graduate education in nursing. To become a CRNA, a nurse must have a BSN and 1 year of acute care experience, and many programs schools require
critical care experience and certification for entrance to a CRNA program (AANA, 2015). All APRN programs consist of a combination of classroom instruction and supervised clinical experience. APRN programs usually take 2 to 3 years to complete after receiving the BSN degree.
Additional Resources
American Nurses Association (ANA). (2015). What is nursing? Retrieved from: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/nurse- anesthetists-nurse-midwives-and-nurse-practitioners.htm
American Nurses Association. (n.d.). NP and CNS certification rulemaking guide. Retrieved from: http://www.nursingworld.org/rulemakingguide
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA). (2015). Become a CRNA. Retrieved from: http://www.aana.com/ceandeducation/becomeacrna/Pages/default.aspx
National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists (NACNS). (2015). Retrieved from: http://www.nacns.org/html/cns-faqs.php
Nutrition/Dietetics
Role Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) or registered dietitians (RDs) are experts in food and nutrition (AND, 2015a) and advise people regarding what to eat to manage disease, promote a healthy lifestyle, or achieve specific health-related goals (BLS, 2015).
Education A bachelor's degree is required from a program accredited by The Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND).
There are two types of programs. One is a coordinated program that combines academic and supervised practical experience and leads to either a
bachelor's or master's degree. The other is a 4-year baccalaureate program that requires participation in an ACEND-accredited Dietetic Internship
Program or Individualized Supervised Practice Pathway (ISPP) after graduation (AND, 2015a). The degree earned may be a Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BS), or a BA of Public Health, depending on the
school and program (BLS, 2015). Advanced practice internships are available.
Additional Resources
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND). (2015a). Frequently asked questions about careers in dietetics. Retrieved from: http://www.eatrightacend.org/ACEND/content.aspx?id=6442485476
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND). (2015b). What is a dietetic technician, registered? Retrieved from: http://www.eatrightpro.org/resources/about-us/what-is-an-rdn-and-dtr/what-is-a-dietetic-technician-registered
Board for Certification of Nutrition Specialists (BCNS). (2015). The certified nutrition specialist credential. Retrieved from: http://www.nutritionspecialists.org/cns/certified-nutrition-specialist®-cns®-credential
Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR). (2015). Who is a registered dietician? Retrieved from: https://www.cdrnet.org/about/who-is-a-registered-dietitian-rd
Related Careers
Nutritionist
The role and definition of “nutritionist” is variable (BLS, 2015; AND, 2015a). A bachelor's degree is usually required, with special training in nutrition (BLS, 2015).
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Many states regulate the practice of nutritionists in some way, such as licensure or state registration or certification, and restrict the usage of certain titles.
Dietetic Technician
Dietetic technicians are “trained at the technical level of nutrition and dietetics practice for the delivery of safe, culturally competent, quality food and nutrition services” (AND, 2015b, para. 1) and work under supervision of registered or licensed dieticians.
Education requires at least an associate's degree and completion of an ACEND-accredited Dietetic Technician Program that includes 450 hours of supervised practice.
Occupational Therapy (OT)
Role Occupational therapists focus on the therapeutic use of everyday activities to help people function in all of their environments (AOTA, n.d.c).
Occupational therapists help injured, ill, or disabled people develop, recover, or improve skills needed to perform activities of daily living and work (BLS, 2015).
Education A master's degree in occupational therapy is required. Students who enter with a bachelor's degree can earn their master's degree (MSOT) in 2 to 3 years or a practice doctorate
(OTD) in 3 to 5 years depending on the program.
Additional Resources
American Occupational Association (AOTA). (n.d.a). About physical therapy. Retrieved from: http://www.aota.org/About- Occupational-Therapy/Professionals.aspx
American Occupational Association (AOTA). (n.d.b). FAQ on OT career and planning. Retrieved from: http://www.aota.org/Education-Careers/Considering-OT-Career/FAQs/Planning.aspx
American Occupational Association (AOTA). (n.d.c). How to get a license. Retrieved from: http://www.aota.org/Practice/Manage/HowTo.aspx
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2015). Occupational outlook handbook; Healthcare occupations: 2015-16 edition. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor. Retrieved from: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/home.htm
Council for the Accreditation in Occupational Hearing Conservation (CAOHC). (2015). About CAOHC. Retrieved from: http://www.caohc.org/about-caohc
Related Careers
OT Assistant
An OT assistant is a graduate of an accredited OT Assistant program and must pass a national certification examination.
OT Aide
OT aides usually receive on-the-job training and are not eligible for certification or licensure (AOTA, n.d.c).
Pharmacy
Role “Pharmacist responsibilities include a range of care for patients, from dispensing medications to monitoring patient health and progress to optimize their response to medication therapies” (AACP, 2015b, para. 1).
Pharmacists are medication experts who educate patients on the use of medications and educate and advise health professionals on medication therapy.
Pharmacists have expertise in the composition of drugs, ensure drug purity and strength, and make sure that drugs do not interact harmfully (AACP, 2015a).
Education Students may enter pharmacy programs to earn the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) degree after 2 years of specific undergraduate study; some schools require a 4-year bachelor's degree; most students enter after 3 to 4 years of college.
Some programs accept students directly from high school and prepare them for pharmacy school through undergraduate study.
Accelerated programs are available for those with bachelor's degrees in the health sciences. Applicants may need to take the Pharmacy Admission Test (PCAT). The PharmD takes 4 years to complete after entry to a
school of pharmacy. Clinical components of pharmacy education differ among programs. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists offers specialty certification in pharmacotherapy, ambulatory care,
oncology, pediatric care, and critical care (ASHP, 2014). Most specialties require a 1- to 2-year residency. Some states require Health System Pharmacists to complete a
postgraduate residency. Postgraduate master or PhD programs are available after the PharmD.
Additional Resources
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP). (2015a). Pharm-D curriculum. Retrieved from: http://www.pharmcas.org/preparing-to-apply/about-pharmacy/pharmd-curriculum/
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP). (2015b). Table 5 First year PharmD class. Retrieved from: http://www.aacp.org/resources/student/pharmacyforyou/admissions/admissionrequirements/Documents/Table%205.pdf
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP). Role of a pharmacist. Retrieved from: http://www.pharmcas.org/preparing-to-apply/about-pharmacy/role-of-a-pharmacist/
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). (2014). Certification resources. Retrieved from: http://www.ashpcertifications.org/
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). (2015). About technicians. Retrieved from: http://www.ashp.org/menu/PracticePolicy/ResourceCenters/Pharmacy-Technicians/About-
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Technicians#sthash.dydJz9t8.dpuf National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP). (2015). Technicians. Retrieved from:
http://www.nabp.net/programs/cpe-monitor/cpe-monitor-service/technicians/#ptcb
Related Careers
Pharmacy Technician
A pharmacy technician “works closely with pharmacists in hospitals, drug and grocery stores, and other medical settings to help prepare and distribute medicines to patients” (ASHP, 2015, para. 1).
There are several paths to become a pharmacy technician, including on-the-job training, vocational or technical schools, and associate's degree programs (BLS, 2015).
The ASHP accredits pharmacy technician programs that meet certain standards, such as a minimum length of 600 hours extending over at least 15 weeks (ASHP, 2015).
Most states license, register, or certify technicians in some way.
Physical Therapy (PT)
Role Physical therapists diagnose and manage movement dysfunction and enhance physical and functional abilities; restore, maintain, and promote optimal physical function, and optimal wellness and fitness, and optimal quality of life as it relates to movement and health; and prevent the onset, symptoms, and progression of impairments, functional limitations, and disabilities that may result from diseases, disorders, conditions, or injuries (APTA, 2015a, para. 4).
Board certification is available in eight recognized specialties through the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties.
Education A Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree from a college or university program is required. Most DPT programs take 3 years and comprise 80% classroom instruction and 20% clinical experience, with a final clinical
experience that averages 27.5 weeks (APTA, 2015b). Most DPT programs require a bachelor's degree before admission, although there are some “3 plus 3 programs” in which
students complete 3 years of prerequisites and then 3 years of graduate study.
Additional Resources
American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). (2015a). Licensure. Retrieved from: http://www.apta.org/Licensure/ American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). (2015b). Role of a physical therapist. Retrieved from:
http://www.apta.org/PTCareers/RoleofaPT/ American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). (2015c). Role of a physical therapy assistant. Retrieved from:
http://www.apta.org/PTACareers/RoleofaPTA/ Physical Therapist Centralized Application Service (PTCAS). (2015). Summary of course prerequisites for programs in PCTAS:
2015-2016. Retrieved from: http://www.ptcas.org/uploadedFiles/PTCASorg/Directory/Prerequisites/PTCASCoursePreReqsSummary.pdf
The Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. (2015). Licensees. Retrieved from: https://www.fsbpt.org/Licensees.aspx
Related Careers
PT Assistant
PT assistants provide physical therapy under the supervision of a licensed physical therapist. They must graduate from an accredited associate's degree program in physical therapy, pass a national examination for PT
assistants, and be licensed. PT Aide
PT aides and technicians are trained on the job, provide supportive services under supervision of licensed PT personnel, and are not eligible for licensure (APTA, 2015c).
Physician Assistant (PA)
Role PAs work under the supervision of a physician or surgeon. They diagnose and treat illnesses, perform preventive care, prescribe medication, order and interpret diagnostic tests, and
assist in surgery (AAPA, n.d.b).
Education A Master of Science in Physician Assistant Studies (MSPA) degree is required. Most PA programs take 2 to 3 years to complete and consist of classroom instruction and 2000 hours of supervised clinical
practice. Some 5-year programs exist in which students earn both a bachelor's degree and the MSPA.
Additional Resources
American Academy of Physician Assistants. (AAPA). (n.d.a). Become a PA. Retrieved from: https://www.aapa.org/become-a- pa/
American Academy of Physician Assistants. (AAPA). (n.d.b). What is a PA? Retrieved from: https://www.aapa.org/what-is-a- pa/
American Academy of Physician Assistants. (AAPA). (2014). Statutory and regulatory requirements for licensure and license renewal. Retrieved from: https://www.aapa.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=599
Psychology
Role In health care, clinical psychologists “provide clinical or counseling services, assess and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. They use the science of psychology to treat complex human problems and promote change. They also promote resilience and help people discover their strengths” (APA, 2015b, para. 1).
Education Clinical psychology is a recognized specialty within psychology. A doctoral degree is required.
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Graduate programs require a bachelor's degree in psychology or accept a minor in psychology or many psychology courses; GRE scores, research experience, and clinically related community service may also be required (APA, 2015a).
Many doctoral psychology programs require a master's degree in psychology, while some admit students with a bachelor's degree who progress straight through to a doctoral degree (BLS, 2015).
Most doctoral degrees take 5 to 7 years to complete, and many mandate completion within 10 years. To practice clinical, counseling, or school psychology, a 1-year internship is required. Some programs offer a Psychology Doctorate (PsyD) degree for clinical psychologists; others award a PhD (APA, 2015b).
Additional Resources
American Board of Professional Psychology. (2015). Clinical psychology. Retrieved from: https://www.abpp.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3355
American Psychological Association (APA). (2015a). Frequently asked questions about graduate school. Retrieved from: http://www.apa.org/education/grad/faqs.aspx
American Psychological Association (APA). (2015b). Pursuing a career in clinical psychology. Retrieved from: http://www.apa.org/action/science/clinical/education-training.aspx
Dittman, M. (2004). What you need to know to get licensed. gradPSYCH Magazine. Retrieved from: http://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2004/01/get-licensed.aspx
Public Health
Role Public health focuses on improving access to health care; health promotion; preventing and controlling infectious disease; and reducing environmental hazards, violence, substance abuse, and injury.
A variety of professionals who specialize in public health, including epidemiologists, nurses, social workers, biostatisticians, infectious disease specialists, physicians, health educators, field workers, and others.
Education 4 to 8 or more years depending on the profession.
Additional Resources
American Public Health Association (APHA). (2018). What is public health? Retrieved from: https://www.apha.org/what-is-public- health.
Radiologic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Technologists
Role Radiologic technologists (also called radiographers) operate radiographic diagnostic equipment. MRI technologists perform MRI scans (BLS, 2015).
Education An associate's degree is required from a program accredited by a certifying agency approved by the American Association of Radiologic Technology (AART).
Bachelor's degree programs are available, and some certificate programs exist. MRI technicians start as radiographers and take additional training and certification. After additional training, certification is available in several specialties (BLS, 2015).
Additional Resources
American Society of Radiological Technologists (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www.asrt.org/main/careers/careers-in- radiologic-technology/related-organizations.
American College of Radiology (ACR). Accreditation. Retrieved from: https://www.acr.org/.
Respiratory Therapy (RT)
Role Respiratory therapists diagnose lung and breathing disorders and recommend treatment; analyze breath, tissue, and blood specimens to determine levels of oxygen and other gases; manage ventilators and artificial airways; and educate patients and families about lung disease (AARC, 2015).
Education A minimum of an associate's degree from a program accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Respiratory Care (CoARC) is required.
Some entry-level programs lead to a bachelor's degree in RT. Degree advancement programs exist for those with an associate's degree in RT to attain a bachelor's degree in RT and for
those with a bachelor's degree in RT to receive a master's degree in RT.
Additional Resources
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). (2015). What is an RT? Retrieved from: http://www.aarc.org/careers/what- is-an-rt/
National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC). (2015). The RRT credential. Retrieved from: https://www.nbrc.org/rrt/pages/default.aspx
Related Careers
Pulmonary Function Technologist and Advanced Pulmonary Function Technologist
The roles and educational preparation are similar to those for an RRT. These technologists take the national Pulmonary Function Technologist (PFT) examination. The PFT has cut-off scores. Individuals who achieve the lower-cut score earn the Entry-Level Pulmonary Function
Technologist (CPFT) credential, whereas those who achieve the higher-cut score receive the Advanced Pulmonary Function Technologist (RPFT) credential.
RRTs are eligible to take the PFT examination (NBRC, 2015).
Social Work
Role Social workers help people obtain tangible services; conduct counseling and psychotherapy; help communities or groups provide or improve social and health services; and participate in legislative processes (NASW, 2015)
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Education There are several levels of education in social work. All require a degree from a college or university program accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE). All social work education consists of a combination of classroom instruction and supervised fieldwork. A Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) degree requires 4 years of education. To perform counseling or therapy, a minimum of a Master's degree in Social Work (MSW) is required. Practice doctorate degrees in Social Work (DSW) or PhDs are also available (NASW, n.d).
Additional Resources
Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB). (2013). Retrieved from: https://www.aswb.org/licensees/about-licensing-and- regulation/
National Association of Social Workers (NASW). (n.d). The Social Work Career Center: Education. Retrieved from: http://careers.socialworkers.org/explore/education.asp
Speech-Language Pathology (SLP)
Role Speech-language pathologists “prevent, assess, diagnose, and treat speech, language, social communication, cognitive- communication, and swallowing disorders in children and adults” (ASHA, n.d.c., para. 4).
Education An undergraduate degree, usually in communication sciences and disorders, is required for admission to an SLP master's degree program.
The 2 years of graduate education includes 200 to 300 hours of clinical practicum. After completion of academic work, an SLP clinical fellowship supervised by an ASHA-certified SLP consisting of a minimum
of 35 hours per week for 36 weeks that totals 1260 hours must be completed (ASHA, n.d.d). The minimum entry-level degree for a SLP is a master's degree, which takes 3 years to complete. Practice doctorate and PhD programs are available in SLP.
Additional Resources
American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA). (n.d.a). Career pathway for assistants. Retrieved from: http://www.asha.org/associates/career-pathway-for-assistants/
American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA). (n.d.b). Certification. Retrieved from: http://www.asha.org/certification/
American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA). (n.d.c). Learn about the CSD professions. Retrieved from: http://www.asha.org/Students/Learn-About-the-CSD-Professions/
American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA). (n.d.d). Planning your education in communication science disorders. Retrieved from: http://www.asha.org/Students/Planning-Your-Education-in-CSD/
Related Careers
Speech-Language Pathology Assistant (SLPA)
SLPAs perform tasks prescribed, directed, and supervised by ASHA-certified speech-language pathologists. They must complete academic coursework in a CAA-accredited program with a minimum of 100 supervised clinical
practicum hours, usually at a community college. Bachelor's degree programs are also available. Certification and licensure requirements vary, with some states requiring a bachelor's degree to be a licensed SLPA. SLP Aide or Technician
Aides or technicians receive on-the-job training and work under the direct supervision of ASHA-certified SLPs. They are not eligible for licensure.
,
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1 5
Teams and Teamwork Case Studies
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After successfully working through the case studies in this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Demonstrate the ability to apply the Teams and Teamwork Sub-competencies to problem-based case studies in this chapter.
2. Operationalize the behaviors of Teams and Teamwork through case study application. 3. Evaluate how the Sub-competencies of Teams and Teamwork in Interprofessional Collaboration are demonstrated
in the case study discussions.
4. Identify the importance of Interprofessional Collaboration as it applies to each case.
This chapter presents patient- and population-based case studies designed to highlight the application of teamwork concepts to practice. Case studies are intended for use in group discussions or debates, as role- playing exercises, or as individual learning exercises. The authors acknowledge that all four Core Competencies may apply in each case; however, learning in this chapter is purposefully focused on Teams and Teamwork (TT) Sub-competencies. Carefully crafted guiding questions provide direction for learners and faculty facilitators.
Case Study Guidelines For each practice case study, you are asked to consider and apply specific Sub-competencies of Teams and Teamwork. These will be clearly indicated to you before you begin to read the case study. The Sub- competencies of Teams and Teamwork are provided for your reference in Box 15.1.
Box 15.1
Teams and Teamwork Core Competency and Related Sub– competencies ( IPEC, 2016, p .14)
Statement: General Core Competency of Teams and Teamwork Apply relationship-building values and the principles of team dynamics to perform effectively in different team roles to plan, deliver, and evaluate patient/population-centered care and population
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health programs and policies that are safe, timely, efficient, effective, and equitable.
TT1. Describe the process of team development and the roles and practices of effective teams. TT2. Develop consensus on the ethical principles to guide all aspects of teamwork. TT3. Engage health and other professionals in shared patient-centered and population-focused
problem-solving. TT4. Integrate the knowledge and experience of health and other professions to inform health
and care decisions, while respecting patient and community values and priorities/ preferences for care.
TT5. Apply leadership practices that support collaborative practice and team effectiveness. TT6. Engage self and others to constructively manage disagreements about values, roles, goals,
and actions that arise among health and other professionals and with patients, families and community members.
TT7. Share accountability with other professions, patients, and communities for outcomes relevant to prevention and health care.
TT8. Reflect on individual and team performance for individual, as well as team, performance improvement.
TT9. Use process improvement strategies to increase the effectiveness of interprofessional teamwork and team-based services, programs, and policies.
TT10. Use available evidence to inform effective teamwork and team-based practices. TT11. Perform effectively on teams and in different team roles in a variety of settings.
Case studies can be used as individual problem-based learning activities or incorporated as part of a variety of group learning activities. You can independently determine how each case study will be used after considering your specific learning needs and educational setting. Discussion questions and/or suggested learning activities are provided after each case study. You are encouraged to modify these questions and activities or pose your own to meet specific learning needs. Chapter 13 of this text provides foundational theory related to Teams and Teamwork; Chapter 14 provides examples to help readers operationalize specific Sub-competencies. Both chapters will be useful in considering the case studies that follow.
Case Study: Team or “Pseudoteam” Specific Sub-competencies to consider and apply: TT1, TT3; also consider resources from Chapter 13 describing the characteristics of “true teams” versus “pseudoteams.”
Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) often encounter challenges in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Get FIT is a community-based program that was developed to promote access to physical activity, as well as education about healthy lifestyle choices, for individuals with IDD living in the community. You have the opportunity to volunteer at the Get FIT program at your local university and observe the following.
Clients with IDD arrive at the campus community center with their group home care providers. The clients gather around a table and socialize with one another and the individuals providing the program. The group home care providers sit in chairs toward the back of the room. The session begins with nursing students discussing the importance of healthy food choices. The discussion centers on sugary beverages, diet beverages, and water. Several clients actively interact with the nursing students and each other for half an hour. At that point, the physical activity portion of the session begins. Students from occupational therapy and physical therapy disciplines lead a gentle stretching and strengthening program for the group. Each client is assisted by a student volunteer who records the specific activities the client completes. This is followed by a group activity that is set to music to encourage everyone to “get moving.” Students interact
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with their assigned clients throughout the session. Everyone seems to enjoy the physical activity and the social interactions. At the end of the session, student volunteers guide clients to their respective care providers to return to their home.
Discussion Questions
1. Based on your understanding of the case study presentation, were the individuals providing the Get FIT program functioning as a true team or pseudoteam? Provide specific examples as a rationale for your perspective.
2. Identify at least two potential benefits of interprofessional collaboration for the clients participating in this program.
3. Suggest additional team members who can engage in this client- and population-centered program. How would you rework the scenario to illustrate engaging other professionals in shared patient- and population-focused problem solving?
4. Offer at least three suggestions for team development and effective teamwork practices in this setting. Refer to Chapters 13 and 14.
Case Study: Providing Team-Based Care in a School Setting Specific Sub-competencies to consider and apply: TT1, TT4, TT5, TT11.
Sarah Edwards is an 8-year-old girl who was born prematurely in a complicated birth to a mother who was addicted to drugs. She lives with her grandmother, who is her legal guardian. Sarah has multiple physical, emotional, and cognitive challenges. She has limited verbal ability to express her needs and is prone to behavioral outbursts. She attends special education classes in her community school. The interprofessional team includes her special education teacher, instructional paraprofessionals, the school nurse, the case manager/social worker, a behaviorist, a speech therapist, an occupational therapist, and a school psychologist.
Sarah's physical, emotional, and psychological well-being is the focus for all team members. The team works together effectively to address behaviors and implement strategies to improve the fluctuating challenges in the classroom and at home. There are no turf battles; rather the team cohesively discusses and makes recommendations, easily shifting the leadership role depending on the situation. Working in teams involves sharing expertise and relinquishing some professional autonomy to work closely with others to share the care and improve the client's outcomes. The entire team is valuable and provides essential resources in their area of knowledge. For example, adjustments in Sarah's medication may require the nurse or case manager to intervene. The behaviorist may change the behavioral management program, whereas the remaining team members implement the plan and provide feedback on its effectiveness. If the team determines that Sarah's increasing outbursts stem from frustration with a limited ability to express her needs, the speech therapist takes the lead and works closely with the teacher, paraprofessionals, and family to identify the most appropriate communication strategies. The team integrates individual expertise of all members in shared planning to develop, implement, and reinforce team-based care.
By working closely together, the team members are aware of one another's plans and can transition activities more smoothly. For example, one day the speech therapist was running late because of a team meeting for another student. The occupational therapist realized this, and rather than ending the therapy session on time and leaving Sarah to wait for the speech therapist, the occupational therapist continued to work on team goals by incorporating goals both the occupational therapist and speech-language pathologist were addressing. The occupational therapist made use of the extra time to address communication and recognition of objects along with the motor skills practice of reaching and grasping objects. This creative use of time helped Sarah smoothly transition to her speech therapy session.
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At a team meeting, the team discusses a concern raised by Sarah's grandmother about recent behavioral problems at home that seem to stem from her school day. Sarah's grandmother reports that for the past few weeks, Sarah has been agitated and prone to outbursts when she arrives home from school. Team members share their experiences related to circumstances throughout the day that seem to trigger outbursts in Sarah and what strategies help in calming her. The special education teacher notes that unexpected schedule changes and disrupted routines are especially challenging for Sarah. The behaviorist and the paraprofessionals reports that fatigue, hunger, and toileting needs commonly lead to emotional outbursts. The occupational therapist shares observations from her sessions working on sensory integration that loud noises trigger strong emotional responses from Sarah and disrupt her ability to participate in activities. The speech-language pathologist notes that Sarah seems relaxed and calm when reading in a quiet environment. The team works together, troubleshooting to determine how to reduce potential triggers. The team recommends changing Sarah's schedule during the last period of the school day from a group physical activity held in the combined classroom with multiple students to quiet reading time to help Sarah adjust to the end of the school day transition to home.
Discussion Questions This case study illustrates how each member of the healthcare team, from the teacher to the paraprofessionals to the speech therapist, was able to integrate the knowledge and experience of others to make decisions about Sarah's plan of care.
1. Why is interprofessional collaboration important in this case study? 2. Identify at least two of the practices that support effective teams that are illustrated in this case
study. 3. Refer to Chapters 13 and 14. Who do you believe is the team leader in developing Sarah's plan of
care? Explain your reasoning. 4. Give an example of a situation described in the case study in which leadership appropriately
shifts from one team member to another member. 5. Who should be included in problem solving and planning related to Sarah's care? Can you
suggest other healthcare professionals and other professionals who should be part of the team? 6. Describe how team members' roles in the school setting differ from other settings.
Case Study: Community Health Concerns Background Provision of healthcare services typically focuses on individual patients, but broader consideration of population health needs is also warranted. The TT3 Sub-competency addresses population-centered problem solving, whereas TT7 addresses healthcare outcomes related to prevention. Public health initiatives such as Healthy People 2020 focus on population health beyond individual patients. For example, the obesity epidemic continues to rise in the United States. Although this has
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1) Research the scope of practice guidelines for your allied health discipline in the state where you live. Summarize the guidelines and discuss how they will guide your clinical decision-making in practice. Consult Appendix A in the textbook for more information on the scope of practice within a variety of allied health care positions.
2) Read "Case Study: Providing Team-Based Care in a School Setting," at the beginning of Chapter 15 in the textbook, and address the following points:
**Why is interprofessional collaboration important in this case study?
**What other health care professionals might need to be involved in the planning and problem solving related to Sarah's care?
**What are some strategies the team used to work together effectively in providing care for Sarah?
3) Assume that the health care organization where you work has recently decided to change its policy regarding paid-time-off, where all employees must accrue PTO before it can be used, rather than starting the fiscal year with a set number of days available for personal leave. Three upset coworkers approach you and explain how they are rounding up support in opposition of the new policy, and they want you to approach management with them.
**How do you respond to your peers?
**What might you do to help resolve this conflict?
**How might this situation affect the dynamics on your professional team moving forward?
4) How does faith influence or inform your work as a health care provider? Discuss the impact of faith on your scope of practice within your allied health discipline.
