Assignment: Psychopharmacologic agents.

Assignment: Psychopharmacologic agents.

Assignment: Psychopharmacologic agents.
Assignment: Psychopharmacologic agents.
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Agonists are agents that share a similar effect to that of endogenous receptor activators. On the other hand, the binding of an antagonist to a receptor prevents receptor activation since it has receptor affinity but lacks intrinsic activity (Currie, 2018). Partial agonists designate substances that have a spectrum of agonistic action at a receptor without elicitinga complete response of a true agonist. Meanwhile, inverse agonists produce an opposite pharmacological effect through suppression of spontaneous receptor signaling despite binding to the agonist binding site on the receptor(Berg & Clarke, 2018). Consequently, partial agonists and inverse agonists diminish the efficacy of psychopharmacologic agents.
Compare and Contrast the Actions of G-Coupled Proteins and Ion Gated Channels

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G-protein coupled receptors are complex membrane receptors that utilize three elements for their function including the receptor, the G-protein, and the effector molecule. The binding of a ligand induces a conformational change to the receptor that activates a G-protein which inturn activates an effector molecule that leads to the synthesis of second messengers and activation of diverse signaling pathways within the cell(Peletier & Gabrielsson, 2018). Ion gated channels encompass ligand-gated, voltage-gated, and mechanically gated ion channels that open or close in response to respective stimuli (Peletier & Gabrielsson, 2018). Their opening causes alteration of membrane potential and signal transduction.
Epigenetics and Pharmacologic Action
Epigenetics is widely used to establish DNA modifications that are implicated in diseases. This concept is critical and provides a learning experience as well as an opportunity for the development of new pharmacologic agents. Similarly, the pharmacological effects of various drug substances vary based on epigenetic-induced cellular alterations.
Impact of the Information on Prescription
The knowledge of the drug-receptor interactions as well as epigenetics is essential to advanced nurses during the prescription of psychopharmacologic agents. For instance, epigenetics is widely known to play a key role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia (Toth, 2021). It has also been discovered that epigenetics increases the adverse effects and alters the efficacy of antipsychotic agents used to treat the behavioral and psychological effects of patients with dementia (Toth, 2021). Finally, drug-receptor interaction enables the nurses to understand the mechanism of action of drugs as well as the indications of the drugs.
References
Berg, K. A., & Clarke, W. P. (2018). Making sense of pharmacology: Inverse agonism and functional selectivity. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(10), 962–977. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy071
Currie, G. M. (2018). Pharmacology part 1: Introduction to pharmacology and pharmacodynamics. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, 46(2), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.117.199588
Peletier, L. A., & Gabrielsson, J. (2018). New equilibrium models of drug-receptor interactions derived from target-mediated drug disposition. The AAPS Journal, 20(4), 69. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-018-0221-x
Toth, M. (2021). Epigenetic neuropharmacology: Drugs affecting the epigenome in the brain. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 61(1), 181–201. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-022920
Post a response to each of the following:
1.     Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents.
2.     Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels.
3.     Explain the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action.
Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to clients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a client in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action
Post a response to each of the following:
1.     Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents.
2.     Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels.
3.     Explain the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action.
Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to clients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a client in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action
Post a response to each of the following:
1.     Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents.
2.     Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels.
3.     Explain the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action.
Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to clients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a client in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action
NURS 6630 Week 1: Introduction to Neuroscience
Modern psychopharmacology is largely the story of chemical neurotransmission. To understand the actions of drugs on the brain, to grasp the impact of diseases on the central nervous system, and to interpret the behavioral consequences of psychiatric medicines, one must be fluent in the language and principles of neurotransmission.
—Dr. Stephen M. Stahl in Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology
By using a combination of psychotherapy and medication therapy, psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners are positioned to provide a very unique type of care to clients with psychiatric disorders. To be successful in this role, you must have a strong theoretical foundation in pathophysiology, psychopharmacology, and neuroscience. This foundation will help you assess, diagnose, and treat clients as you relate presenting symptoms to theoretical neuronal functioning.
This week, as you begin to study psychopharmacology, you explore foundational neuroscience. You examine the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, compare the actions of g couple proteins to ion gated channels, and consider the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action.
Note: In previous courses, the term “patient” was used to describe the person receiving medical care. In traditional medicine and nursing, this term is used to describe the person you do something to, and it often refers to a passive recipient of care and services. As you move into the realm of psychiatric mental health, a transition will occur. You will work with individuals who are active participants in their care, and these individuals are generally referred to as “clients” as opposed to “patients.” It is important to note that the term “client” is also favored in other mental health disciplines, such as psychiatry, psychology, and social work.
Photo Credit: [cgtoolbox]/[Vetta]/Getty Images
Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience
As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, it is essential for you to have a strong background in foundational neuroscience. In order to diagnose and treat clients, you must not only understand the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, but also how medications for these disorders impact the central nervous system. These concepts of foundational neuroscience can be challenging to understand. Therefore, this Discussion is designed to encourage you to think through these concepts, develop a rationale for your thinking, and deepen your understanding by interacting with your colleagues.
Learning Objectives
Students will:

Analyze the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents
Compare the actions of g couple proteins to ion gated channels
Analyze the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action
Analyze the impact of foundational neuroscience on the prescription of medications

Learning Resources
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Note: All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using this link. This link will take you to a log-in page for the Walden Library. Once you log into the library, the Stahl website will appear.
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press *Preface, pp. ix–x
Note: To access the following chapters, click on the Essential Psychopharmacology, 4th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate chapter. Be sure to read all sections on the left navigation bar for each chapter.

Chapter 1, “Chemical Neurotransmission”
Chapter 2, “Transporters, Receptors, and Enzymes as Targets of Psychopharmacologic Drug Action”
Chapter 3, “Ion Channels as Targets of Psychopharmacologic Drug Action”

Document: Midterm Exam Study Guide (PDF)
Document: Final Exam Study Guide (PDF)
Required Media
Laureate Education (Producer). (2016i). Introduction to psychopharmacology [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 3 minutes.
Optional Resources
Laureate Education (Producer). (2009). Pathopharmacology: Disorders of the nervous system: Exploring the human brain [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 15 minutes.
Dr. Myslinski reviews the structure and function of the human brain. Using human brains, he examines and illustrates the development of the brain and areas impacted by disorders associated with the brain.
Laureate Education (Producer). (2012). Introduction to advanced pharmacology [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 8 minutes.
In this media presentation, Dr. Terry Buttaro, associate professor of practice at Simmons School of Nursing and Health Sciences, discusses the importance of pharmacology for the advanced practice nurse.
To prepare for this Discussion:

Review this week’s Learning Resources.
Reflect on concepts of foundational neuroscience.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!
By Day 3
Post a response to each of the following:

Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents.
Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels.
Explain the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action.
Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to clients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a client in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.
By Day 6
Respond to two colleagues in one of the following ways:

If your colleagues’ posts influenced your understanding of these concepts, be sure to share how and why. Include additional insights you gained.
If you think your colleagues might have misunderstood these concepts, offer your alternative perspective and be sure to provide an explanation for them. Include resources to support your perspective.

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